tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32538728465595548662024-02-19T22:57:53.741-08:00Essay writing musicwendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.comBlogger30125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-11359511856041699172020-08-25T05:40:00.001-07:002020-08-25T05:40:14.508-07:00Treatment of diabetes Essay Example For StudentsTreatment of diabetes Essay Diabetes mellitus is brought about by an insufficiency in the emission or activity of insulin. Almost six percent of the United States populace gives some level of variation from the norm in glucose digestion demonstrative of diabetes or an inclination toward the condition. Diabetes mellitus is a gathering of illnesses wherein the administrative action of insulin is faulty. There are two significant clinical classes of the infection. Theres type I, which is insulin-subordinate diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and type II, which is non-insulin subordinate diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). IDDM starts right off the bat throughout everyday life and rapidly gets serious. NIDDM is delayed to create, milder, and frequently goes unrecognized. IDDM requires insulin treatment and cautious, long lasting control of the harmony between glucose admission and insulin portion. Trademark manifestations of diabetes are unreasonable thirst (polydipsia) and continuous pee (polyuria), prompting admission of enormous volumes of water. Likewise, inordinate yearning and food utilization (polyphagia). These progressions are because of discharge of a lot of glucose in the pee. The term diabetes mellitus implies over the top discharge of sweet pee. Suspected qualities that cause IDDM are limited on numerous chromosomes, demonstrating that type I diabetes is a multigene immune system reaction. A few agents accept the resistant framework is confounded. They feel that the pancreatic beta cells could be perceived as an outsider element due to past introduction to a remote substance that had comparable proteins to the beta cells. Its accepted that T cells target and catalyst glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) present in the beta cells. Stray coverts the amino corrosive glutamate into aminobutyric corrosive (GABA), a dispatcher between neurons. Stray is situated in the mind escaped the resistant framework. Agents are indicating that the resistant framework may not remember it as a self-protein. Stray takes after the (p69) protein that beta cells show when they are tainted by infections. Stray plays a significant, however it isnt the whole answer. A gathering of mice arranged to create diabetes were infused with GAD before the immune system reaction on the pancreas started and all the mice infused with GAD got away from improvement of diabetes. The effects of IDDM make the patients sicknesses progressively difficult to control. They as a rule have vascular and neural issues. Vascular issues that influence IDDM patients are strokes, renal shutdown, gangrene, coronary failures, and visual impairment that could happen in view of the high fat substance in the blood and high blood cholesterol levels. Neurological issues that emerge from IDDM are loss of sensation, weakness and harmed bladder capacities. In ladies, their bosoms are knotty and experience early menopause. NIDDM happens for the most part after the age of forty. Its a heterogeneous, dynamic issue described by pathogenic deformities in insulin emission and activity. Around a quarter to 33% of Americans have a quality that influences them too the infection. For instance, in the event that one indistinguishable twin has NIDDM, the possibility of the other twin having the malady would be a 100%. In NIDDM, the patients insulin receptors dont work any longer, however they are as yet ready to create insulin. Specialists accept a layer protein is mindful. They think its PC-1 in light of the fact that in NIDDM patients, its levels are higher contrasted with a normal individual. Presently we might be asking why NIDDM patients need to abstain from food and exercise, well about 90% of them are fat. This happens on the grounds that the fat cells over produce a hormone like substance tumor corruption factor-alpha. What this does is stifle the union of a protein glut4, which empowers glucose to experience layers. On the off chance that glut4 is absent, the cells cannot take up the glucose. In todays showcase, there are a ton of solutions that are accessible to neutralize the deficiencys of IDDM and NIDDM patients. Such medications are Actos, Starlix, Glucophage, and Avandia, which increment insulin gathering for NIDDM, and Glipizide, Glyburide, Tolinase, and Tolbutmide, which increment insulin creation for IDDM patients. For individuals who have IDDM, they need to infuse themselves with insulin four times each day to decrease vascular and renal complexities. .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b , .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .postImageUrl , .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b , .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b:hover , .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b:visited , .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b:active { border:0!important; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b:active , .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b:hover { haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c 82a0ee336b .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: history of the Atomic Bomb Essay NIDDM patients will likewise in the long run need to infuse themselves. An individual can monitor their glucose levels by utilizing a glucose observing machine, which diabetics are not to enamored with doing. Jabbing themselves with a lancet four times each day on their . wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-16066161167919658082020-08-22T03:27:00.001-07:002020-08-22T03:27:34.252-07:00Free Essays on Search For OrderQuest for Order from 1877-1916 During the late 1800ââ¬â¢s and the mid 1900ââ¬â¢s the United States had an extraordinary endeavor of discovering request. Request, in the general term of life, both on the individual perspectives and the nation all in all had been dismantled during the common war and the occasions that happened right away there after. This paper is to delineate how Americans executed the quest for request, in the expansive feeling of the word. There will be three focuses exposed to help the case of request, the parts of Economic, Social, and Cultural. Financial Financial dependability and equivalent open door characterize the quest for monetary request for every single American. During the time being referred to, there was next to no financial request. Those Americans that were sufficiently fortunate to join the steel/dairy cattle/and different businesses that were flourishing in the mid nineteenth Century were set forever, versus the settlers that just began to see American soil and work here just because. There was a tremendous differentiation in compensation, the riches wasnââ¬â¢t spread exceptionally even, and Americans were either rich or poor. During this timeframe, there were many attempting to even the odds in their journey to improve their monetary circumstance. 1. Jane Addams was well known for establishing the Hull House in 1889. The house was committed to showing settlers and oppressed people a type of explicit exchange or ability alongside English to permit them to battle for their own monetary opportunity. 2. In 1886, the American Federation of Labor began Wage Protection; the American Federation of Labor appeared under that name in 1886. Truth be told, it started with a more drawn out, increasingly unwieldy name, the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions of the United States and Canada. This association was established on November 15-18, 1881 at the Turner Hall in downtown Pittsburgh. A large number of the pioneers of the American work development in this period were German-American, however... Free Essays on Search For Order Free Essays on Search For Order Quest for Order from 1877-1916 During the late 1800ââ¬â¢s and the mid 1900ââ¬â¢s the United States had an extraordinary endeavor of discovering request. Request, in the general term of life, both on the individual viewpoints and the nation all in all had been dismantled during the common war and the occasions that happened quickly there after. This paper is to outline how Americans executed the quest for request, in the expansive feeling of the word. There will be three focuses uncovered to help the case of request, the parts of Economic, Social, and Cultural. Monetary Monetary solidness and equivalent open door characterize the quest for financial request for every single American. During the time being referred to, there was next to no monetary request. Those Americans that were sufficiently fortunate to join the steel/steers/and different enterprises that were flourishing in the mid nineteenth Century were set forever, versus the migrants that just began to see American soil and work here just because. There was a gigantic complexity in compensation, the riches wasnââ¬â¢t spread extremely even, and Americans were either rich or poor. During this timeframe, there were many attempting to make everything fair in their mission to improve their monetary circumstance. 1. Jane Addams was acclaimed for establishing the Hull House in 1889. The house was devoted to showing migrants and oppressed people a type of explicit exchange or expertise alongside English to permit them to battle for their own financial opportunity. 2. In 1886, the American Federation of Labor began Wage Protection; the American Federation of Labor appeared under that name in 1886. Truth be told, it started with a more drawn out, increasingly unwieldy name, the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions of the United States and Canada. This association was established on November 15-18, 1881 at the Turner Hall in downtown Pittsburgh. Huge numbers of the pioneers of the American work development in this period were German-American, however... wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-29778089791862481572020-07-30T00:02:00.001-07:002020-07-30T00:02:02.702-07:00A Brief RetreatA Brief Retreat Freshman year has come and gone; three more years of MIT separate me from the future. I got a crash course in not burning out and my mentor was the experience of burning out. Since the next three years wont take any excuses, Ive been looking for ways to recharge myself and face the new school year with more energy and more wisdom. An opportunity came up last weekend, when my family and I took a trip to Block Island, a place several miles off the coast of Rhode Island and roughly three hours away from where I live. We spent the first two or so hours in a car headed toward Point Judith, and then filled in the remaining travel time on a ferry that carried us several miles, going from a dock at Point Judith to the shores of our destination. As our ferry cast off from Point Judith that afternoon, the skies were overcast. Probably the only things that were clear around me were the oceans and, for a moment, my mind. Sadly, I only had my cell phone to capture these breath-taking sights (which you can enlarge by clicking on them): For much of my life, the ocean (or just water in general) and I have had an interesting relationship. Prior to me beginning my freshman year at MIT, it gave me this sinking feeling that I was able to shake off by taking a few swimming classes. As I was on that ferry, my thoughts shifted to what I could conquer now that I felt at ease in and around the water. More to the point, I daydreamed about what it might be like to own a yacht many years from now, and how I might be able to take it out to the ocean, perhaps letting it sit somewhere kind of far out at sea as the sun set. I mused about reclining in a nice chair out on the deck, enjoying the taste of iced tea and the smell of the salty sea carried on the ocean breeze. I thought about a hypothetical time when all of my fulfilling work would culminate in a different way of life, and a novel way to relax. But then again, nothing like that just falls into your lap. As Block Island began to fade into view on the horizon, my focus eased slowly into reality. Once we were right in the dock, my wandering thoughts continued to hang on each new sight that I took in. For our very brief trip to Block Island, my parents and I drove around aimlessly in a Jeep Wrangler with its top folded down, an appropriate vehicle to help us answer a call to adventure that seemed to resonate within us. As my dad turned the key in the ignition for the first time, I vaulted over the rear bumper and jumped in the back seat, and moments later, we took off. Our first stop was the Southeast Light, located right by the Mohegan Bluffs. Before the lighthouse was declared a national historic landmark in 1997, it risked falling into the ocean, as the nearby bluffs were being steadily eroded. As these images show, though, that story has a happy ending: With the lighthouse to ones back, one need only turn to the right to see the bluffs: And straight ahead: the boundless ocean, the wide horizon, the seemingly infinite: We also paid a visit to Settlers Rock, which is adjacent to a national wildlife reserve and a lighthouse to the north. It was the northernmost point that we could reach by car and unfortunately, our Wrangler had its 44 capabilities disabled, so off-roading it wasnt an option. I couldnt complain much, though: There was also a small surprise right where we were: a few people had balanced stones on the rocky shores. Even with only roughly 11 square miles of land, we still couldnt cover every place in the short time we had. The relatively few sights that we did see indicated there was much more to enjoy than just beaches and lighthouses. As the sun began to set in much clearer skies, I reflected on my experience with a clearer, more open mind. I knew that Id be back. I didnt quite know when, but with all that I saw that day, I felt that it had to be somewhere in my future. Such is the promise of my dreams, my education, and my current career goals. So I made a mental note: return to this place. Its odd to think about it in this way, but MIT is one of the last barriers between me and the real world. After this, theres a good chance that Ill be headed off to med school. And after that, well, Ill be in the working world. And at that point I hope that Ill have the freedom, the experience, and the wherewithal to turn this Sunday excursion into a vision of the future which is to say that Ill have what it takes to reward myself for what I hope to accomplish. Itll mean working hard even harder (and smarter) than I have before but if that horizon isnt even a good incentive to do it, then frankly, I dont know what is. For all of you incoming students, this might be a good exercise. Theres plenty of intellectual benefits to coming here, and just as many ways you can leverage that to serve the world and your community, but the prospect of being able to relax after all that is done is pretty enticing, too. With that said, let me ask you: what are your visions of the future? What rewards will keep you committed through all these years? wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-40016712023076758842020-05-22T17:37:00.001-07:002020-05-22T17:37:03.805-07:00Analysis Of Brent Crude Oil Prices - 3061 Words Overview Of ââ¬ËBrentââ¬â¢ Crude Oil: The ââ¬ËBrentââ¬â¢ blend of crude oil is the most common form of crude oil used worldwide, with roughly two-thirds of all crude contracts around the world referencing the Brent blend (reference). ââ¬ËBrentââ¬â¢ oil is drawn from more than a dozen oil fields spanning across the North Sea off the coast of the UK and Norway. This particular type of crude oil is also considered to be light and sweet (therefore low sulfate), making it ideal for refiners to make gasoline and diesel fuel (). Although the ââ¬ËBrentââ¬â¢ is destined for European markets, it forms more than half of the worlds globally traded supply of crude oil. 1.1 Historical And Current Trends In ââ¬ËBrentââ¬â¢ Crude Oil Prices: 1.1.1 Long Run Trends:â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦During this period, the price of ââ¬ËBrentââ¬â¢ crude oil (like WTI) reached an all time high in July of 145.61 USD/BBL in response to strong economic conditions prior to the Global Financial Crisis hitting in early 2009. The price of ââ¬ËBrentââ¬â¢ crude oil also similarly bottomed out in 1970, with a record low of 2.23 USD/BBL and following the GFC, prices sharply fell, with prices at 62.04 USD/BBL as of April 2015. Over the 45-year period, significant events such as the GFC, the Iran/Iraq war, the Iranian revolution and various OPEC cuts (as shown in graph 1) has caused the price of ââ¬ËBrentââ¬â¢ crude oil and crude oil as a whole to historically be fairly volatile and as such, these various political and economy-wide factors provide an explanation for volatility in prices over the past 45 years. 1.1.2 Recent Trends And Current Prices: The price of North Sea ââ¬ËBrentââ¬â¢ crude oil is sitting at roughly $62 per barrel, with this figure fluctuating around the sport price of $60 per barrel. During the month of April 2015, prices have roughly swung between $65 per barrel and a low of $60 per barrel, as shown in the figure below: Graph 3: (Reference) Overall, prices of the ââ¬ËBrentââ¬â¢ blend have fallen over the past 12 months, with a 52-week range of 47. 68 ââ¬â 115.71 and a 1-year return of -43.61% indicating the sharp decline in the price of ââ¬ËBrentââ¬â¢ crude oil from a peak of $112.36 on 01/06/2014 (reference). Although prices of the ââ¬ËBrentââ¬â¢ wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-69626591890586095472020-05-09T21:41:00.001-07:002020-05-09T21:41:03.393-07:00What Every Body Is Saying About Easy Topics for Essay Writing Is Dead Wrong and Why What Every Body Is Saying About Easy Topics for Essay Writing Is Dead Wrong and Why You will need to establish what you need to write in your essay. An essay is a fairly short bit of writing on a certain topic. My essay would grow to be a completely different beast. The essay is an amazingly intriguing task that's always different. Bigger works, including plays and novels, may have several motifs. There is barely any student, who wasn't assigned to compose an essay. Writing a superb persuasive essay is not an easy job, however, it's achievable. Examine the essay for plagiarism An exemplary essay is an exceptional essay, therefore a check for plagiarism is a really important stage. Writing about nuclear weapons is always a superb idea. Men and women want to comprehend how to consider the advantages and pitfalls of the choices they make in life every single day. It's possible for you to see which ideas are alike and needs to be grouped together. You need a good deal of thoughts and topics to write about in the event you need to keep the content creature fed. A perspective essay is a chance to voice your ideas and opinions on a particular topic. You will also receive increased insight into how to compose a great test, and what your professor may be on the lookout for in each answer. Ask yourself a collection of questions as you compose the critique. Beyond that are the sorts of questions used. Some requests for written interviews will be quite specific. Isolate key factors of the problem you're addressing to discover the factors for writing and the goal of the major notion of your essay. Look back over your annotated text and choose the portions that you want to have in your essay. Write a list of three or more key ideas you will contain in your thesis and body paragraphs. For each supporting paragraph within the body of your essay, list the most critical points you wish to cover. After you are writing for awhile, it's likely both your outline and draft is going to have to change dramatically. The Birth of Easy Topics for Essay Writing If you're sending precisely the same essay to numerous schools, the cover letter is a chance to tailor the essay to the institution to which you're applying. Plan more than you believe you'll need. My preceding articl e laid out some simple details about the drawn-out essay, a core part of the IB Diploma Programme. An excellent argument is a basic numbers game with a very clear winner. The technical essay is designed to explore a technical or scientific subject, to describe how to carry out a specific technical endeavor, or to argue for a specific process of doing something. Regardless of what topic you ultimately choose, make certain to bring a very clear position on it. You should think about a task to locate a theme not an issue but an opportunity and even a benefit. For instance, you may have been aware of the text before. For example, let's say if you're writing about language history essay than you might have to to incorporate all of the information regarding the history language on earth irrespective of any specific region while in specific language history essay, you would speak about history of the language of a certain region. Thesis statements can take on a lot of distinct for ms, but the main issue is that you have to be in a position to defend it. Also, during the test, make sure to read through your essay when you have time, permitting you to correct obvious typos or errors you could have made. Top Choices of Easy Topics for Essay Writing Whether you're writing a long-term paper or a brief reply, formulating your thoughts onto paper can be hard. While it is clear that essays are an inevitable part of college life, it's the understanding of the small essay writing tips and secrets that makes college professors contented. So whenever you are writing an essay, you're harnessing the complete might of culture to your life. Regardless of what subject you're writing an essay on, it's important in order for it to be well-developed so that you can convey thoughts to the reader in a coherent way. A research paper is normally the very same, regardless of what subject you opt to write about. Essays should be focused on a single topic and present the mater ial in a logical purchase. Argumentative research papers require a bit of structure, unlike the typical essays. You will need to talk about either side of the issues surrounding the discussion essay topic, so make sure that you've got access to good research that supplies pertinent details. General overview would consist of information that's covering the topic for language essay for a whole while specific overview is only going to speak about particular troubles. Some topics request that you write about contemporary difficulties. The multiple topics could be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. What will have to be included in your essay will differ based on your level. Give yourself the same quantity of time as you'll have for the actual exameven for an extra-long test. Dependent on the test outcome, students are put in appropriate courses. If building a practice test appears too daunting to you, begin by identifying how many kinds of questions there are. wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-82864651403297011562020-05-06T10:27:00.001-07:002020-05-06T10:27:57.686-07:00Discuss whether private policing can ever ensure public security Free Essays Not only is policing conveyed by an escalating array of public bodies organized at a diversity of geographical levels, but the private and municipal parts are themselves becoming more perceptible in this arena. It is far from clear, though to what degree the growth of policing services delivered by agencies other than the state police symbolizes the filling of a gap left by the incapability or disinclination of the state police to give services the public wants. It may represent changes in the nature of modern life and institutions in which the growth of these services lies along, is complementary to, the steady growth in spending on the state police and other public policing services like Environmental Health Officers or the Post Office Investigation Department. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss whether private policing can ever ensure public security or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nor is it obvious that there has been the immense growth in non-police ââ¬Ëpolicingââ¬â¢ which is often claimed. surely there has been a huge increase in the employment of uniformed private security personnel. owever if ââ¬Ëpolicingââ¬â¢ in its broadest sense is construed to include those people who, like wardens, caretakers, park-keepers, and gamekeepers, have always been employed to guard, protect, and manage both public and private property and locations, then much of this growth may simply imitate changes in the way the task is done. What is clear is that, for a diversity of reasons, the respective roles of the police and private security organizations now increasingly be related. The boundaries between them are becoming less well defined. This is the consequence, in part at least, of a process referred to as the ââ¬Ëdecreasing equivalence between private property and private spaceââ¬â¢. The subsequent half of the twentieth century has seen a rapid growth in property which is privately owned but to which the public typically has access. This property includes shopping centers, built-up estates, educational institutions, parks, offices, and leisure centers. More and more public life is being performed on private property. Thus the protection of private property, a fundamental aim of private security-has increasingly come to take in the maintenance of public order as while, for example, there are demonstrations against new road construction. Private security services have intruded more and more on what used to be considered the restricted domain of the state police. The boundaries between public and private policing have further were indistinct because of the operations of an escalating number of agencies whose formal status and functional activities are hard to classify. These have most usually been referred to as ââ¬Ëhybridââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëgreyââ¬â¢ policing bodies. They take in, for example, the surveillance, investigative, and dogmatic sections attached to central and local government departments. The place of some of these bodies has been made even more ââ¬Ëgreyââ¬â¢ by the privatization programme the government has practiced. For example the British Transport Police will persist to police our railway network: they will, for the foreseeable future, give a contract service that the new railway companies have been given no option but to accept. Johsnton (1999) asserts that private policing consists of two components. ââ¬ËCommercialââ¬â¢ policing involves the purchase and sale of security commodities in the market place. ââ¬ËCivilââ¬â¢ policing consists of those voluntary policing activities undertaken by individuals and groups in civil society. The history of commercial policing in Britain is a long one, McMullanââ¬â¢s (1987) account of crime control in sixteenth and seventeenth century London pointing to the systematic recruitment of paid informers and thief-takers by a state unable to control unregulated areas. This is an early example of what South (1984) has referred to as ââ¬Ëthe commercial compromise of the stateââ¬â¢, an invariable feature of all systems in which the commercial sector has a policing role, though one whose precise character varies with circumstances. The private security industry is a large, lucrative, and growing part of the UK economy. Different estimates of the annual turnover of the industry are obtainable. A 1979 Home Office Green Paper suggested an annual turnover in 1976 of ?135 million and, according to the marketing consultancy Jordan and Sons, total annual sales during the early 1980s were in excess of 400 million. Jordanââ¬â¢s 1989 and 1993 reports suggest respectively that the yearly turnover of the industry increased from ?476. 4 million in 1983 to ?807. 6 million in 1987 and ?1, 225. 6 million in 1990. One recent estimate by one of the regulatory bodies in the private security industry has put the turnover for 1994 at ?2, 827 million (Daily Telegraph, 15 August 1996). Because private security firms take up a position of trust for those who utilize them to protect their persons and property, as the evidence suggests that individuals and groups put off to people who wear uniforms intended to conjure the authority of the police, and as those who provide security services are in a position to abuse that reverence and trust, we do not think it is any longer defensible to allow the private security industry to continue unregulated. There is proof of abuse. There are undoubted cowboys on the loose and there is nothing at present to prevent disreputable and criminally-minded operators from proffering any security service they wish. Indeed, even a Government ideologically committed to reducing the amount of directive has recently come round to the view that some type of control of the private security industry is now essential. In August 1996, the Home Office announced that a statutory body to vet people wanting to work in private security was to be recognized, and that new criminal offences of utilizing an unlicensed guard and working as an unlicensed guard would be introduced. Given that these plans are both indistinct and not accompanied by any schedule for implementation. There is currently no constitutional licensing or regulative system of any kind for the private security industry in Britain. This distinction with almost all other European countries. Britain stands practically alone in not having admission requirements for firms offering security services and, together with Germany, not setting performance rations for private security operatives. Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands. Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland all have some form of governmental control over their private security industries (de Waard J. 1993). Estimates of the size of the industry in Britain have been notoriously inaccurate. However, recent research by Jones Newburn (1998), based on data drawn from the Yellow Pages Business Classification and the Labour Force Survey, has produced far more reliable figures. Total employment in the British contract security industry now exceeds one third of a million (333,631), with employment in the ââ¬Ëservices and equipment sectorââ¬â¢ (which includes guarding) standing at 182,596. This latter figure, alone, is equivalent to the total number of police and civilians employed in the 43 constabularies in England and Wales. As is the case in other countries, the most rapid area of expansion is in electronic security. Indeed, out of the total of 6,899 security companies identified in the research, no fewer than 2,547 are in the electronics sector, the remainder being in services and equipment (2,281), the provision of locks and safes (864), detective services (767) and bailiff services (440). In the case of Britain, for example, the estimation of private security employees (70,000) appears to include only those working for member companies of the British Security Industry Association, the main trade body. On the basis of these figures, Britain ranks sixth in terms of private security employees (123 per 100,000 inhabitants) and has a private security to public police ratio of 0. 39:1. By using Jones Newburnââ¬â¢s (1998) data, however, these estimates are transformed dramatically. This happens whether one bases calculation on guard numbers alone, or upon the total number of personnel employed in the security industry. In the first case, the figure of 182,596 guards identified in the research generates 321 security personnel per 100,000 inhabitants and a private security to public police ratio of 1:1. In the second case, 333,631 security employees generates a private security to public police ratio of 1. 85:1, a figure far in excess of the estimate for Germany, the highest ranked country in the sample. In effect, two conclusions can be drawn from Jones Newburnââ¬â¢s (1998) research: that Britain has roughly one private security guard for every public police officer, a figure comparable to that found in the USA during the early 1980s (Cunningham Taylor 1985:106); and that Britain has almost two private security employees for each police officer. Although there are diverse estimates of the number of organizations trading in the private security sector, and the numbers of people working, few of them emerge to be reliable. The best accessible figures suggest that, in broad terms, the number of private security employees, including those persons concerned in the manufacture and installation of security devices, is as a minimum the equivalent of the total complement of the forty-three constabularies in England and Wales; data from the governmentââ¬â¢s Labour Force Survey propose that there are almost surely over 162,000 people working in the private security industry, but the actual total can be at least half as many again (Jones T. , and Newburn T. 1995). This rapid growth in private security gives a vivid image that policing involves much more than the police and what the police do. The point is made all the more obvious if one thinks that most symbolic of all police tasks, mobile patrol. It is momentarily worth considering two instances where a ââ¬Ëpolice patrolââ¬â¢ presence is provided by personnel other than police constables. First is the Sedgefield Community Force. For several years local councils have employed in-house security operations to keep council property and employees. The Sedgefield Community Force, a local authority police force in County Durham, became operational in January 1994. The force provides a 24-hour patrolling service within the geographical confines of the District an area of 85 square miles and a population of 90,000 people. The ten patrol officers wear uniforms similar to those worn by police officers. They travel mostly in cars, though they are encouraged to leave them to patrol on foot. They received 1,284 calls from the public in their first year. Johsnton (1999) asserts that Private policing resolves the tension within that relationship: maximizing consumption by restricting access to those who might undermine the commercial imperativeââ¬âdrunks, beggars and the like. In most western societiesââ¬âthough particularly in North Americaââ¬âthere is an increased tendency for residential space to adopt the form of mass private property, people living in private apartment blocks and gated communities, rather than in traditional streets. Though this is undoubtedly a global tendency, however, there may be variations in the speed and scope of its development. Jones Newburn (1998) note that, in Britain, locations which would be archetypal forms of mass private property in North America (such as educational institutions, leisure complexes and hospital sites) have either been owned and run by the state or by non-market ââ¬Ëhybridââ¬â¢ organizations (Johnston 1992). For that reason, they suggest, ââ¬Ëmass hybrid propertyââ¬â¢, rather than mass private property, may be of greater relevance to the future development of commercial policing in Britain. Though the Sedgefield Community Force provides a noticeable patrol it was set up as a non-confrontational force and has a strategy of ââ¬Ëobserving and reportingââ¬â¢ based on a presupposition of not using officersââ¬â¢ citizenââ¬â¢s powers of arrest. A small-scale piece of research on the Sedgefield Community Force carried out concerning six months after it was set up found that just under two-thirds of local residents said without any prompting that they had heard of the Force (Iââ¬â¢Anson J. , and Wiles P. 1995). This part of respondents increased to three-quarters after the force was portrayed to them. There is some indication from the survey that the public feels safer as the Force was introduced, and a considerable proportion of those questioned felt that the Community Force would act to put off criminal activity. There was obvious evidence that local residents saw the Force as setting off what the local constabulary was doing. Generally respondents said they would not be happy to have the members of the Force as the sole deferrers of crime. owever when asked who they would be contented to have patrolling their streets: 91 per cent said police specials or a new rank of police patroller; 83 per cent said a council-employed community force; 43 per cent said common citizens; and 33 per cent said private security guards. A further survey of residents who had asked for help from the Sedgefield Force discovered that the immense majority of calls concerned vandalism, anti-social behavior, and nuisance ââ¬â incivilities concerning which all the research evidence shows the public is usually concerned though a large minority, about a fifth, concerned straight-forward crime (Wiles P. 996). Moreover those persons calling for help were extremely appreciative of the service they received. Though direct comparisons cannot simply be made, the residents who call the Sedgefield Community Force are as a minimum as appreciative of the service they receive, conceivably more so, than are people who call the police (Bucke, 1996). The second example is the Wands worth Parks Constabulary. Under the Public Health (Amendment) Act 1907, all local authorities in England and Wales can affirm in park employees as special constables though there are few instances of any doing so. Legislation, bearing upon London only, has though been used by several boroughs in the capital to set up Parks Constabularies. in the Ministry of Housing and Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation (Greater London Parks and Open Spaces) Act 1967, Wands worth recognized its Parks Constabulary in 1985. There are thirty full-time uniformed officers and twenty-five part-timers (effectively ââ¬Ëspecialsââ¬â¢) in the Wands worth Parks Constabulary. They patrol the parks and open spaces in the borough ââ¬â about 850 acres in all ââ¬â and give security services in council premises, particularly the branch libraries, leisure centers, and youth and recreation facilities. The constables aim to act mainly as a restriction rather than an enforcement body. The problems with which they deal emerge to be similar to those dealt with in Sedgefield. They comprise incivilities linked with drunkenness, the control of dogs, the use of bicycles, and the like. however they also deal with crime. In 1994 and 1995 the Wands worth Parks Police made 105 and 134 arrests correspondingly: these included supposed offences of dishonesty (including burglary, theft, and robbery), criminal damage, gross coarseness, and drugs offences. They took their arrestees to Metropolitan Police stations where there appears to have been little complexity in getting the majority of their charges accepted. Certainly the research proof is that the relationship between the Parks Police and the Metropolitan Police is an optimistic and close one (Jones T. , and Newburn T. 998). In addition the constables monitor the CCTV cameras that are positioned in Wandsworthââ¬â¢s parks, act as key holders in relation to a large number of local power buildings, provide a cash-in transit service for some local authority functions, and accompany some local authority employees. Similar, although generally less wide-ranging, parks police also operate in Kensington and Chelsea, Barking and Dagenham and in Greenwich. The public is ever more engaged in activities in areas where policing is undertaken by private organizations. Progressively households, neighborhoods, and institutions (both public and private) are becoming dependent on commercially provided surveillance technology and patrols for their sense of security. As, demands on the police have prolonged, so the police have become reliant on skills available in, and services provided by, the private sector. This is mainly to be welcomed, and positive collaboration between the public and private sectors needs to be encouraged. There are several benefits to be gained from constructive partnership. But it is fundamental that this partnership be based on integrity. The public, pass up the police, must have confidence that the very highest standards are being uphold in any agency with which the police are affianced in partnership. For these reasons we conclude that the time has come to bring in a system of official or statutory directive of the private security industry. There is no case for granting private security personnel powers not accessible to the ordinary citizen and, as far as it is been competent to discover, there is no demand from either within or without the industry that such powers must be granted, except in very particular situation. One such circumstance is given by the contracted-out management of prisons. The Criminal Justice Act gives that the prisoner custody officers employed by the security companies now running five prisons are authorized to search prisoners and their visitors and to use such force as is essential to avert prisoners from escaping. But this kind of exception apart we can see no motive why citizensââ¬â¢ powers are insufficient for dealing with the type of situations with which private security personnel are expected to be confronted while guarding or on patrol. Indeed, quite opposing. The fact that security personnel have no powers beyond those accessible to the ordinary citizen itself gives a desirable check on their activities and evidently demarcates, both in law and in the eyes of the public in general, what is otherwise becoming an increasingly fuzzy border between the police and private ââ¬Ëpolicingââ¬â¢ enterprises. The realism of private security is that their personnel are not like usual citizens. They may not have extra powers, but they have precise responsibilities, they are organized, they are usually recruited as of their physical suitability, they are dressed in a way to emphasize their capacity to coerce, they might be trained in self-defense or have experience in how to ââ¬Ëhandle themselvesââ¬â¢ in circumstances thought to rationalize reasonable force, they are more expected to employ force, and so on. All these influencing conditions suggest, given the extensive concerns ââ¬Ëabout the de facto power exerted by private security personnel whose reliability is uncertain, whose public liability is non-existent, and whose allegiance is by definition to whomsoever pays the piper, that there is a very well-built case for ensuring that in law they exercise no more right to use force than the rest of us. We conclude that no transform in citizensââ¬â¢ powers of arrest is reasonable. The key area, is where private security staff are concerned in the policing of space which is public -streets, housing estates, and so on ââ¬â or which the public thinks to be public, although it is actually private, that is places like shopping malls, football grounds, hospitals, and so on. We believe any new form of regulation must certainly cover the work of private security guards, together with contract and in-house guards. The Home Affairs Select Committee excluded in-house staff from its commendations for regulation. However, though the evidence signifies that there are fewer complaints concerning in house security services, the fact that there is considerable mobility between the contract and the in-house sectors leads us to believe that any new system of licensing must cover both. Moreover, given their role concerning either private property or private space to which the public have access, equally nightclub door staff and installers of electronic surveillance and security equipment ought, in our finding, also to come within a new system of directive. How to cite Discuss whether private policing can ever ensure public security, Papers wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-17835062749853163942020-04-29T05:43:00.001-07:002020-04-29T05:43:02.485-07:00Introduction to Contemporary Society Introduction Human societies consist of individuals and groups of individuals with different needs, interests, and aspirations. Furthermore, different individuals are endowed with different qualities. For instance, some are physically stronger than others while others are intellectually well endowed than others. Some have special talents and abilities which distinguishes them from the rest of the members of a society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Contemporary Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, we all belong to different and unique socio-economic, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds which profoundly impacts up on our social standing (Perry Perry, 2005). Interactions between and among individuals and groups of individuals takes place within matrices that are made up by these diverse features which more often determines our social status as well as how powerful we are as individua ls or groups in a society. In our endeavor to satisfy our basic need of power and influence, some people take advantage of their privileged status in the society to intimidate others and assert their power in relation to others who are ignorantly and blindly considered less important. Schools are perfect examples of institutions consisting of individual students and groups of students who are different in power and status despite the principle of equality before the eyes of the school rules and regulations and laws of the land. Available statistical evidence shows that senior students in public schools bully new and junior students a trend that is common in most of our public schools and that have reached alarming rates prompting an outcry of concerned stakeholders. Covert or overt bullying in words or actions is definitely a bad and an unacceptable behaviour in all schools and other social set ups consisting of different people. It is a result of misguided efforts of the senior stu dents to achieve, assert and re-affirm their power (Holt Kysilka, 2005). According to Glasser, one of the greatest psychologists of our age, all of our behaviors (good or bad) and choices are motivated by our desire to meet six basic needs including survival, belonging, love, power, freedom and fun (Glasser, 1998). Through harassment in words and actions, senior students in public schools seek to confirm their seniority and power in relation to new and junior students (Crime in America.Net 2009). Bullying results in to devastating, dehumanizing and destructive consequences up on junior students including loneliness, stress, low self-esteem, poor self-confidence and lack of self-assurance among others which ultimately distract studentsââ¬â¢ concentration in their studies. This results to poor academic performance as well as poor social and emotional development of the bullied students (Crime in America.Net, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the media influences p ublic opinion on social issues of concern like bullying which is rampant in our public schools and establish similarities and differences of reporting on Bullying by two articles from a broadsheet and a Tabloid newspaper, that is, ââ¬ËThe Guardianââ¬â¢ and the ââ¬ËThe Starââ¬â¢ respectively.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How the media influences public opinion on social issues Information is a critical ingredient for unity, stability and socio-economic and political progress of a society. In fact, mature and genuinely democratic cultures grants and safeguards the constitutional rights of individual citizens to access all information on public affairs except any information that can compromise national security of a country. Equally important is the means and avenues through which information is relayed to individuals and groups of individuals in the society. Theref ore, the media (both print and electronic media) plays a significant role in democratic cultures of providing a means through which information on social, political and economic issues at national as well as international levels is relayed to the citizenry. The media enjoys a very influential status in democratic countries where there is freedom of the media from unnecessary and unconstitutional state control. Consequently, media tends to have immense influence up on public opinion on social issues. Mass media is significant given the way they represent the outer world influences in our minds. In other words, the way mass media represents an issues influences our perception and understanding of the issue. Siegel, Siegel Lotenberg (2007) point out that what we see on the internet, television, newspapers and magazines and hear on our radios influences us in two ways. First, it tells us what to think about. Secondly, it influences how we think about it (Siegel, Siegel Lotenberg, 2007 ).In a nut shell, the media plays a significant role in the formation of peopleââ¬â¢s awareness on issues as well as their opinions of what issues are important. The mass media also plays an influential role in setting the policy agenda, that is, priorities of law makers, senior government servants and policy influencers such as think tanks, political parties and lobbyists (Siegel, Siegel Lotenberg, 2007). Most scholars believe that mediaââ¬â¢s greatest influence on public affairs and politics is found in their power to put in place political agenda, that is, a list of political and socio-economic issues that the public classify as needing urgent government attention (Janda, Berry Goldman, 2011). In the United States, tremendously believe that the media puts a strong influence on t heir socio-political institutions and about nine out of ten Americans believe that the media strongly influence public opinion (Janda, Berry Goldman, 2011).For example, pictures of cheerful Iraqi s destroying an effigy of Saddam Hussein impacted up on the American public opinion about war in Iraq. However, it is important to note that establishing general effects of the media on public opinion about more general social and political issues is difficult. Sometimes the media force the government to act on distasteful social issues such as child abuse, wrongful execution of death sentence, racial discrimination as well as violence and bullying in our learning institutions and work places (Janda, Berry Goldman, 2011). It can also force the government to deal with issues regarded as exclusively a preserve of the scientific community like cloning, HIV/AIDS and climate change (Janda, Berry Goldman, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Contemporary Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A Comparison and Contrasting of Two Articles on Bullying from a broadsheet and a Tabloid newspaper How a piece of Information on an issue is passed on to an individual news consumer or the public is critical in determining efficiency and effectiveness of communication in a society. In most cases information about a given happening or issue differs in terms of language, style, content and presentational features used by an individual media outlets (Robertson, 2006). Despite reporting on the same event or issue different newspapers, magazines or television stations differs in the above mentioned aspects. To illustrate this we shall look at the differences evident in reporting on a similar case of bullying by a broadsheet newspaper and a tabloid newspaper. The prime differences between a broadsheet and a tabloid newspaper are their sizes; a tabloid newspaper is half the size of a broadsheet (Franklin, 2008; Batchhelor, 2004; coursework.info, 2005). As a result, you require a junior reading age to read a tabloid newspaper articles because there are shorter articles, and more pictures (cour sework.info, 2005). On the other hand, to read broadsheet newspaper articles you require a senior reading age because they use long terms, they also tend to be more in-depth and detailed (coursework.info, 2005).Tabloid newspaper consist of the Mirror, Sun and Star. Broadsheet newspapers include the Guardian, the Daily Telegraph and Times. ââ¬ËThe Daily Starââ¬â¢ a tabloid newspaper and ââ¬ËThe Guardianââ¬â¢ a broadsheet newspaper reported the incident of the girl who killed herself allegedly because of bullying on thirteenth October 2003 (coursework.info, 2005). Despite reporting on a similar happening there were key differences in the articles that featured in the two newspapers in terms of language, tone, layout, content, style and presentational approach adopted by the two newspapers. In the Daily Star, the article was titled ââ¬ËTaunted to Deathââ¬â¢ while in the Guardian it was titled ââ¬ËBullied Girl Kills Herselfââ¬â¢ (coursework.info, 2005). The langu age used by authors of the two newspapers articles is different and has the potential to make different news consumers to create different mental pictures about a similar social issue. This becomes the source of differences on what different readers think about a similar issue as well as how they think about it and understand it. For example, a reader of the article in the Star may think of the issue in terms of mocking by just referring to the title of the article before reading more details. Another reader who has been to a public school and is conversant with bullying may be curious to read the whole story in the Guardian in order to find out what kind of bullying it was that made the girl decide to take away her life. Such a reader may have been bullied or harassed others and may be shocked to hear that what he or she used to think was a normal school culture could have destructive consequences due to the clarity of the title in the Guardian and thus want to read more.Advertisin g Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The title of the article in the Guardian can also arouse pictures and memories of bullying in readers during the days of their schooling faster than the title of the article in the Star newspaper. In short, by reading the titles of the two articles in the Guardian and Star only readers may think of different things about the same issue before inquiring into the details of the stories that follow. The style used by the two newspapers also differs significantly. In the Guardian the heading of the article is bold and was written in white letters against a black background in order to attract the attention of the reader. The font of the storyââ¬â¢s content is equally big and easily readable by a quick and good reader. On the other hand, the title of the article in the Star is in black against a white background .The font of the heading and the content of the story is relatively smaller (coursework.info, 2005). The report in the Star is accompanied by more artist impression pictures d epicting cases of bullying involving different grade school students. Much more important is the difference in the amount content of the two reports. The Guardianââ¬â¢s report is more detailed and includes a general public perception of bullying, opinions from psychology experts and reputable educationists about bullying besides a detailed coverage of the circumstances that culminated to the death of the girl. Thus besides reporting the tragic death of the innocent girl, the Guardian report is to a certain extent more educating on the issue of bullying in public schools than The Starââ¬â¢s story. The Starââ¬â¢s story is made more emotional and sensational by its pictorial concomitants. All these differences in language, style and content acts to bring out their differences in the general layout of the reports which also affects the way the two newspapers affect public opinion about bullying in our schools. In journalism, differences in language usually guided and determined by motives of an individual journalist, his or her knowledge and experience levels , specific formatting and writing style preferred by different newspapers in the market and much more important the circumstances surrounding the happening that is being reported. The sad case of the bullied girl suicide came at a time when bullying in our public schools had reached distressing levels attracting great concern from parents, educators and other stakeholders including the media. Thus the language and the tone used by the two newspapers in reporting the incidence is effective in calling for attention to the fatality and seriousness of the unpleasant issue at hand from parents, teachers, educators, government and the general public. The way the issue was reported not only by the two newspapers used as example in this task but also by other media outlets immediately and after the tragic death of the innocent girl played a major role in setting public opinion about bullying. It might have i nstigated the public to exert more pressure up on school administrators and concerned government officials in order to deal with the problem of bullying in our public schools more seriously and sternly than ever before. It also played an important role in changing attitudes of those who regarded bullying in schools as an acceptable rite of passage for new and junior students. Conclusion Mass media is definitely an important institution not only in the democratization process of a society but also its socialization particularly in a democratic culture. Different media outlets play significant roles in forming public and policy agendas. It plays an important role in setting peopleââ¬â¢s awareness on issues and deciding what issues are more important. Thus it enables them put pressure on the government to deal with issues they consider as requiring urgent attention. It is also important in setting policy agenda because of its inevitable influence up on the think tanks, policy makers , law makers, senior government servants and lobbyists regarding important and urgent socio-economic and political issues of a society. However, it is important to note that different media outlets present their reports about similar happenings and issues in unique and different ways in terms of language use, style, tone, content and layout and thus they end up having differing influences up on opinions of individual news consumers about an issue. Reference List Batchelor, A., Green, T. (2004). Revise GCSE Citizenship Studies for Edexcel. New York, NY: Heinemann. Coursework.info. (2005). Compare and Contrast two articles on Bullying from a broadsheet and tabloid newspaper. Web. Crime in America.Net. (2009). Bullying in Schoolsââ¬âUS Department of Justice. Web. Franklin, B. (2008). Pulling newspapers apart: analyzing print journalism. New York, NY: Taylor Francis. Glasser, W. (1998). Choice Theory. New York: HarperCollins. Holt, L. C., Kysilka, M. (2005). Instructional pattern s: strategies for maximizing student learning. New York, NY: Sage. Janda, K., Berry, J. M., Goldman, J. (2011). The Challenge of Democracy: American Government in Global Politics. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Perry, J. Perry, E. K. (2005). Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Social Science. New York: Allyn Bacon. Robertson, J. W. (2006). Illuminating or Dimming Down? A Survey of UK Television News Coverage. Fifth Estate Online: An International Journal of Radical Mass Media Criticis. Web. Siegel, M., Siegel, M., Lotenberg, L. D. (2007). Marketing public health: strategies to promote social change. New York, NY: Jones Bartlett Learning. This essay on Introduction to Contemporary Society was written and submitted by user Angela Vazquez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-87971886825905977412020-03-20T12:06:00.001-07:002020-03-20T12:06:04.709-07:00Services Marketing EssaysServices Marketing Essays Services Marketing Essay Services Marketing Essay Australasian Marketing Journal 18 (2010) 41ââ¬â47 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Australasian Marketing Journal journal homepage: www. elsevier. com/locate/amj How the local competition defeated a global brand: The case of Starbucks Paul G. Patterson *, Jane Scott, Mark D. Uncles School of Marketing, Australian School of Business, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Americanised the coffee tradition. Keywords: Service brands Service quality Global branding International business Starbucks Coffee The astounding growth and expansion of Starbucks is outlined, both on a global scale and within Australia. The focus then shifts to the abrupt closure of three-quarters of the Australian stores in mid 2008. Several reasons for these closures are described and examined, including that: Starbucks overestimated their points of differentiation and the perceived value of their supplementary services; their service standards declined; they ignored some golden rules of international marketing; they expanded too quickly and forced themselves upon an unwilling public; they entered late into a highly competitive market; they failed to communicate the brand; and their business model was unsustainable. Key lessons that may go beyond the speci? cs of the Starbucks case are the importance of: undertaking market research and taking note of it; thinking globally but acting locally; establishing a differential advantage and then striving to sustain it; not losing sight of what makes a brand successful in the ? rst place; and the necessity of having a sustainable business model. O 2009 Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction ââ¬Ëââ¬ËShunned Starbucks in Aussie exitâ⬠(BBC News, 4 August 2008) then shifts focus to describe the extent of the store closures in Australia, before offering several reasons for the failure and lessons that others might learn from the case. 2. Background ââ¬Ëââ¬ËWeak coffee and large debt stir Starbucksââ¬â¢ troubles in Australiaâ⬠(The Australian, 19 August 2008) ââ¬Ëââ¬ËMemo Starbucks: next time try selling ice to Eskimosâ⬠(The Age, 3 August 2008) ââ¬Ëââ¬ËTaste of defeat for the mugs from Starbucksâ⬠(Sydney Morning Herald, 31 July 2008) ââ¬Ëââ¬ËCoffee culture grinds Starbucksââ¬â¢ Australian operationâ⬠(Yahoo News, 3 August 2008) When the announcement was made in mid 2008 that Starbucks would be closing nearly three-quarters of its 84 Australian stores there was mixed reaction. Some people were shocked, others were triumphant. Journalists used every pun in the book to create a sensational headline, and it seemed everyone had a theory as to what went wrong. This case outlines the astounding growth and expansion of the Starbucks brand worldwide, including to Australia. It * Corresponding author. Tel. : +61 2 9385 1105. E-mail addresses: p. [emailprotected] edu. au (P. G. Patterson), [emailprotected] com. au (J. Scott), m. [emailprotected] edu. au (M. D. Uncles). Founded in 1971, Starbucksââ¬â¢ ? rst store was in Seattleââ¬â¢s Pike Place Market. By the time it went public in 1992, it had 140 stores and was expanding at a breakneck pace, with a growing store count of an extra 40ââ¬â60% a year. Whilst former CEO Jim Donald claimed that ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwe donââ¬â¢t want to take over the worldâ⬠, during the 1990s and early 2000s, Starbucks were opening on average at least one store a day (Palmer, 2008). In 2008 it was claimed to be opening seven stores a day worldwide. Not surprisingly, Starbucks is now the largest coffee chain operator in the world, with more than 15,000 stores in 44 countries, and in 2007, accounted for 39% of the worldââ¬â¢s total specialist offee house sales (Euromonitor, 2008a). In North America alone, it serves 50 million people a week, and is now an indelible part of the urban landscape. But just how did Starbucks become such a phenomenon? Firstly, it successfully Americanised the European coffee tradition ââ¬â something no other coffee house had done previously. Before Starbucks, coffee in its current form (latte, frappacino, mocha, etc. ) was alien to most US consumers. Secondly, Starbucks did not just sell coffee ââ¬â it sold an experience. As founding CEO Howard Schultz explained, ââ¬Ëââ¬ËWe are not in the coffee business serving people, weââ¬â¢re in the people business serving coffeeâ⬠(Schultz and Yang, 1997). This epitomised the emphasis on customer service such as making eye contact and greeting each customer within 5 seconds, 1441-3582/$ see front matter O 2009 Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10. 1016/j. ausmj. 2009. 10. 001 42 P. G. Patterson et al. / Australasian Marketing Journal 18 (2010) 41ââ¬â47 leaning tables promptly and remembering the names of regular customers. From inception, Starbucksââ¬â¢ purpose was to reinvent a commodity with a sense of romance, atmosphere, sophistication and sense of community (Schultz and Yang, 1997). Next, Starbucks created a ââ¬Ëthird placeââ¬â¢ in peopleââ¬â¢s lives ââ¬â somewhere between home and work where they could sit and relax. This was a novelty in the US where in many small towns cafe culture consisted of ? lter coffee on a hot plate. In this way, Starbucks positioned itself to not only sell coffee, but also offer an experience. It was conceived as a lifestyle cafe. The establishment of the cafe as a social hub, with comfortable chairs and music has been just as important a part of the Starbucks brand as its coffee. All this came with a premium price. While people were aware that the beverages at Starbucks were more expensive than at many cafes, they still frequented the outlets as it was a place ââ¬Ëto see and be seenââ¬â¢. In this way, the brand was widely accepted and became, to an extent, a symbol of status, and everyoneââ¬â¢s must-have accessory on their way to work. So, not only did Starbucks revolutionise how Americans drank coffee, it also revolutionised how much people were prepared to pay. Consistency of product across stores, and even national boundaries, has been a hallmark of Starbucks. Like McDonaldââ¬â¢s, Starbucks claims that a customer should be able to visit a store anywhere in the world and buy a coffee exactly to speci? cation. This sentiment is echoed by Mark Ring, CEO of Starbucks Australia who stated ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëconsistency is really important to our customers . . . a consistency in the product . . . the overall experience when you walk into a cafe . . the music . . . the lighting . . . the furniture . . . the person who is working the barâ⬠. So, whilst there might be slight differences between Starbucks in different countries, they all generally look the same and offer the same product assortment. One way this is ensured is by insisting that all managers and partners (employees) undergo 13 weeks of training ââ¬â not just to learn how to make a coffee, but to understand the nuances of the Starbucks brand (Karolefski, 2002) and how to deliver on its promise of a service experience. The Starbucks formula also depends on location and convenience. Starbucks have worked under the assumption that people are not going to visit unless itââ¬â¢s convenient, and it is this assumption that underlies their highly concentrated store coverage in many cities. Typically, clusters of outlets are opened, which has the effect of saturating a neighbourhood with the Starbucks brand. Interestingly, until recently, they have not engaged in traditional advertising, believing their large store presence and word-ofmouth to be all the advertising and promotion they need. Starbucksââ¬â¢ management believed that a distinctive and memorable brand, a product that made people ââ¬Ëfeel goodââ¬â¢ and an enjoyable delivery channel would create repeat business and customer loyalty. Faced with near-saturation conditions in the US ââ¬â by 2007 it commanded 62% of the specialist coffee shop market in North America (Table 1) ââ¬â the company has increasingly looked overseas for growth opportunities. As part of this strategy, Starbucks opened its ? rst Australian store in Sydney in 2000, before expanding elsewhere within New South Wales and then nationwide (albeit with 0% of stores concentrated in just three states: NSW, Victoria and Queensland). By the end of 2007 Starbucks had 87 stores, enabling it to control 7% of the specialist coffee shop market in Australasia (Table 1). By 2008, consumer awareness of Starbucks in Australia was 90% (Shoebridge, 2008), with each outlet selling, on average, double the number of coffees (270 a day) than the res t of Australiaââ¬â¢s coffee shops (Lindhe, 2008). 3. Expansion into Asia Starbucks currently operates in 44 markets and even has a small presence in Paris ââ¬â birthplace and stronghold of European cafe culture. Beyond North America, it has a very signi? ant share of the specialist coffee shop market in Western Europe, Asia Paci? c and Latin America (Table 1) and these regions make strong revenue contributions (Table 2). It is in Asia that they see the most potential for growth as they face increasing competitive pressure in their more traditional markets. Half the international stores Starbucks plans to operate in the next decade will be in Asia (Euromonitor, 2006; Browning, 2008). Indeed, Starbucks has done well in international markets where there has not traditionally been a coffee drinking culture, namely Japan, Thailand, Indonesia and China. In effect it has been responsible for growing the category in these markets. The ? rst Starbucks outside the US opened in Tokyo in 1996, and since then, Starbucksââ¬â¢ Japanese stores have become twice as profitable as the US stores. Unsurprisingly then, Japan is Starbucksââ¬â¢ best performing overseas market outside North America. More than 100 new stores open each year in Japan, and coffee is now more popular than tea in terms of both volume and value (Lee, 2003; see also Uncles, 2008). As opposed to their entry into the Australian market, Starbucks made small changes to its formula for the Japanese market; for example, the invention of a green tea frappucino, and the provision of smaller drinks and pastries to conform to local tastes. Starbucks arrived in China in 1998 and by 2002 had 50 outlets, and 165 outlets by 2006 (BBC News, 2006), quickly becoming the nationââ¬â¢s leading coffee chain. Starbucks now sees China as its key growth market due to the size and preferences of the emerging middle class. In the Asiaââ¬âPaci? region, Starbucks command of the specialist coffee shop market grew from 15% in 2002 to 19% in 2007 (refer to Table 2). The total market for cafes in China grew by over 135% between 1999 and 2004 to reach US$2. 6 billion. It is projected to grow another 144% by 2008 to reach US$6. 4 billion in sales. More specialty coffee shops are opening across China as a middle class with strong purchasing power emerges, although this rise in coffee con sumption is highly concentrated in large cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Starbucks has said that it xpects China to become its biggest market after the US and the plan is to open 100 stores a year (Euromonitor, 2006). Signi? cantly, certain Western brands are valued by Chinese consumers and Starbucks appears to be one of them. A growing number of Chinaââ¬â¢s 500 million urbanites favour Starbucks for its ambience, which is seen as an important signal of service quality, Table 2 Starbucksââ¬â¢ regional sales performance by outlets and value 2006. Region North America Asia Paci? c Western Europe Australasia World % of company sales (outlets) 79. 0 13. 6. 7 1. 1 100. 0 % of company sales (revenue in $US) 80. 5 10. 8 7. 7 1. 0 100. 0 Table 1 Starbucksââ¬â¢ share of the specialist coffee shop market in each major region. Region North America Western Europe Asia Paci? c Australasia Latin America Source: Euromonitor (2008b). 2002 (%) 44 17 15 6 0 2007 (%) 62 21 19 7 18 Source: Percentage of company sales in each region is calculated from retail sales within this market in 2006, with sales data drawn from Euromonitor (2007). P. G. Patterson et al. / Australasian Marketing Journal 18 (2010) 41ââ¬â47 43 nd Starbucksââ¬â¢ design concept rests easily with Chinaââ¬â¢s consumers, who tend to lounge with friends while sipping coffee. Its outlets in China frequently maintain larger seating areas than average outlets in other countries, and plush chairs and davenports are provided to accommodate crowds that linger. However, success for Starbucks in China is not a given, and they will face several challenges in the coming years. Chinaââ¬â¢s accession to the WTO has led to the gradual relaxation of the policy governing foreign-owned retail outlets, and this will lead to more foreign investment and thereby competition (Lee, 2004). Several multinationals are engaged in selling coffee (including KFC, McDonaldââ¬â¢s, Yoshinoya, and Manabe), and a number of local brands have recently emerged, some even imitating Starbucksââ¬â¢ distinctive green and white logo and its in-store ambience (notably Xingbake in Shanghai). Furthermore, the reduction of import tariffs on coffee will also encourage foreign investment in coffee. 4. The Australian retail coffee industry Australiaââ¬â¢s taste for coffee is a by-product of the waves of immigrants arriving on the countryââ¬â¢s shores following World War II. European migrants, predominantly Greeks and Italians, were the ? st to establish the coffee culture, which was later embraced more widely in the 1980s. For decades Australians enjoyed a variation of the ââ¬Ëlifestyle coffee experienceââ¬â¢ that Starbucks created from scratch in the US. Australians did not need to be introduced to the concept of coffee as many other countries did. Savouring a morning cup of coffee was already a ritual for many consumers. It is fair to describe Australiaââ¬â¢s coffee culture as mature and sophisticated, so when Starbucks entered Australia in 2000, a thriving urban cafe culture was already in place. This established culture saw Australians typically patronise smaller boutique style coffee shops, with people willing to travel out of their way for a favoured cup of coffee, especially in Melbourne where coffee has developed an almost cult-like following. For Australians, coffee is as much about relationships as it is about the product, suggesting that an impersonal, global chain experience would have trouble replicating the intimacy, personalisation and familiarity of a suburban boutique cafe. Furthermore, through years of coffee drinking, many Australians, unlike American or Asian consumers, have developed a sophisticated palate, enjoying their coffee straighter and stronger, and without the need to disguise the taste with ? avoured, syrupy shots. This love of coffee is easily quanti? ed. The Australian market is worth $3 billion, of which $1. 8 billion relates to the coffee retailing market. For every cup of coffee consumed out of home, two cups are consumed at home (AustralAsian Specialty Coffee Association, 2006). Per capita consumption is now estimated at 2. kg-twice as much as 30 years ago. Whilst Australians are among the highest consumers of instant coffee in the world, they are increasingly buying coffee out of the home (Euromonitor, 2008c). More than 1 billion cups of coffee are consumed in cafes, restaurants and other outlets each year, representing an increase of 65% over the last 10 years. Even between 2000 and 2005, trade sales of coffee have increased about 18%. In 2007, the growth in popularity of the cafe culture resulted in trade volume sales growing at an annual rate of 5%. Some 31% of the coffee sold through foodservice is takeaway, and it is thought that ââ¬Ëfast coffeeââ¬â¢ will be a growth area in future years (Euromonitor, 2008d). There is also a trend towards larger takeaway sizes, with 400 ml cups increasing in popularity (Euromonitor, 2008d). One might argue that Starbucks drove these trends, especially in regards to larger sizes. There are almost 14,000 cafes and restaurants serving a variety of coffee types in Australia, and during 2006/07, they generated $9. 7 billion in income (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). However, despite these statistics, the coffee business does not guarantee success. As Paul Irvine, co-founder of Gloria Jeanââ¬â¢s notes, ââ¬Ëââ¬ËAustralia is a tough retail market and coffee retailing is particularly toughâ⬠. According to of? cial statistics, the cafe business is not always pro? table, with the net pro? tability of cafes falling to about 4%. For a cafe to be successful, it has to offer marginally better coffee than local competitors, and do so consistently. Coffee drinkers in Australia are discerning, and they will go out of their way to purchase a good cup of coffee. They are not as easily persuaded as people from other countries simply to visit their nearest cafe. Secondly, for a cafe to make a pro? t, it needs to turn over 15 kg of coffee a week. The national average is 11 kg, so a cafe has to be above average to begin with to even make a pro? t. Any newcomer needs to understand this before entering the market. The other signi? cant constraint on pro? tability is the cost of hiring baristas, with a good one costing between $1000 and $1500 a week (Charles, 2007). However, it seems that this is a necessary cost in order to deliver a superior product. The question that then begs to be asked is: How well did Starbucks understand this existing coffee culture? Did they under-estimate the relational aspect of coffee purchasing in Australia, as well as the importance of the quality of ingredients and the skills of the person making each cup? Did they overestimate the value consumers attach to the in-store experience and the ââ¬Ëthird placeââ¬â¢ concept? Or did they just look at the statistics regarding coffee consumption and think that operating in Australia was a license to print money? Did they simply see Australia as the next logical step to global domination? Starbucks has 87% of the US specialty coffee shop market, and only now is it beginning to feel pressure from non-traditional competitors such as Dunkin Donut, 7 Eleven, McCafe and Krispy Kreme (Burritt, 2007). However, in Australia, the competitive landscape is different. Gloria Jeanââ¬â¢s dominates the high-street part of the coffee retailing market and McCafe dominates the convenience end (Shoebridge, 2008). Other signi? cant competitors include The Coffee Club and Wild Bean Cafe (an add-on to BP petrol stations) and Hudsonââ¬â¢s Coffee (see Table 3). All offer a similar in-store experience to Starbucks, with McCafe from 2007 onwards refurbishing many McDonaldââ¬â¢s stores to imitate the Starbucksââ¬â¢ experience, albeit at the economy end of the market. 5. Growth grinds to a halt . . . store closures In recent times however things have started to go wrong for Starbucks. Internationally, company earnings declined as cashstrapped consumers faced record petrol prices and rising interest rates meaning they have had to pull back on gourmet coffee and other luxuries. Sales fell 50% in the last 2 years, the US share price fell more than 40% over the past year and pro? s dropped 28% (Bawden, 2008; Coleman-Lochner and Stanford, 2008; Mintz, 2008). Consequently, Howard Schultz, the founder and chairman of Starbucks, resumed the position of CEO in 2008 with the aim of revitalising the business. He slowed the pace at which stores were opened (and in fact closed more stores than he will open in the coming year), introduced key performan ce targets (KPTs) and an employee rewards system in the US, and simultaneously shut down every store in America for three and a half hours of staff training (Muthukumar and Jain, 2008). Customer-oriented initiatives have included the addition of more food, the launch of the Starbucks card and Starbucks express, and the provision of highspeed wi-? internet access (Hota, 2008). Notably, Schultz acknowledges that the companyââ¬â¢s focus has been more on expansion than on customer service ââ¬â the very thing that was at the heart of its unique value proposition. 44 P. G. Patterson et al. / Australasian Marketing Journal 18 (2010) 41ââ¬â47 Table 3 Competition in the Australian specialty coffee chain market (chains arranged in order of the number of stores operating in Australia). Number of stores in Australia Gloria Jeanââ¬â¢s 500 Year established in Australia 1996 Business model Price of an espresso coffee (e. g. , ? at white, cappuccino) Regular $3. 25 Small $3. 25 Standard $3. 40 Regular $3. 40 Small $3. 10 Tall $3. 60 Performance highlights and lowlights Franchise Overall Winner, 2005 Franchisor of the Year Sales rose 18% to an estimated $240 m for 07/08 driven by new stores and growth from existing stores The fastest growing cafe brand in Australia and NZ Number of stores up from 60 in 2002 Winner, 2008 Food Franchisor of the Year The number of stores reported here includes NZ Plans to open more sites McCafe Coffee Club Wild Bean Cafe 488 220 105 1993 1989 2004 Some store-owned, some franchise Franchise Part of a franchise with Wild Bean Cafe (BP) Connect Franchise Store-owned Hudsonââ¬â¢s Starbucks 45 23 1998 2000 Plans to expand store numbers by 20ââ¬â30% 08/09 Prior to closures in August 2008 there were 84 stores had a perceived lower quality product Sources: Various company reports as at the end of 2008. However, it seems that these measures were too late for the Australian operation. On 29th July 2008, Starbucks announced that it would be closing 61 of its 84 Australian stores (i. . , 73%) by August 2008, resulting in a loss of 685 jobs. All of these stores had been under-performing (8 were in SA, ACT and Tasmania, 28 in NSW, 17 in Victoria and 8 in Queensland). This decline of Starbucks in Australia was not as sudden as many would have us believe and in fact some reports (Edwards and Sainsbury, 2008; Shoebridge, 2008) indicated that by late 2007 Starbucks already had: accumulated losses of $143 million; a loss of $36 million for that ? nancial year; lost $27. 6 million the previous ? nancial year; loans of $72. million from Starbucks in the US; was only surviving because of its US parentââ¬â¢s support. Whilst the troubled economy might seem an easy scapegoat, with people tightening their belts and eating out less, it is unlikely that this was the core problem as evidenced by the continuing growth of their competitors. Indeed, coffee is no longer considered a luxury item by many Australians, but rather an affordable part of their daily routine. Instead, there is substantial evidence to suggest a number of factors combined to bring about Starbucksââ¬â¢ demise. . 1. Starbucks overestimated their points of differentiation and customer perceived value of their supplementary services ââ¬Ëââ¬ËI just think the whole system, the way they serve, just didnââ¬â¢t appeal to the culture we have hereâ⬠Andrew Mackay, VP of the Australian Coffee Traders Association, in Martin (2008) Whilst there was initial curiosity and hype about Starbucks, after trying it, many Australians quickly found that it failed to offer a particularly unique experience that was not offered by other chains or cafes. Given the strong established coffee culture and discerning palates of Australians, the core product ââ¬â coffee ââ¬â was not seen as particularly different from, say, a latte or short black from a good suburban barista, Gloria Jeanââ¬â¢s or Coffee Club. Its point of difference in Australia, where a coffee culture already existed, had to be in its supplementary or value-adding services ââ¬â i. e. , its unique servicescape, engaging customer service, brand image and so on (Lovelock et al. , 2007). But was this worth a premium price, especially as the competition began replicating Starbucks in-store experience? Starbucks has since been harshly criticised by Australian consumers and the media. Their coffee has been variously described as ââ¬Ëa watered down productââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëgimmickyââ¬â¢, and consisting of ââ¬Ëbuckets of milkââ¬â¢. These are not the labels you would choose to describe a coffee that aspires to be seen as a ââ¬Ëgourmetââ¬â¢ product. It has also been criticised for its uncompetitive pricing, even being described as ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëone of the most over-priced products the world has ever seenâ⬠(Martin, 2008). Even the idea of the third place has come under criticism ââ¬â ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëwhy would you want to sit around a pretend lounge room drinking a weak and expensive coffee when you can go around the corner and have the real thing? â⬠(Wailes, 2008). It seems that Starbucksââ¬â¢ rapid expansion, its omnipresence, somewhat standardised store design and recent insistence on staff achieving various sales KPTs (key performance targets) such as serving ââ¬Ëxââ¬â¢ customers per hour, all combined to diminish the instore experience. The introduction of sales targets for front-line These closures saw 23 stores kept open in prime locations in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. But this begs the question: can a 23-store chain be viable for the brand in the long-term? Based on the approximate numbers in Table 3, Starbucks had a 6% share of stores in Australia before the closures; this has now fallen to a share below 2%. Even before the closures, Australasia represented only 1% of company sales (Table 2) and now the ? gure is expected to be much lower. This may not make much commercial sense as it will be dif? cult to achieve economies of scale in terms of marketing and purchasing, and such small numbers are totally out of step with the clustering strategy adopted in its strongest markets ââ¬â the US, Japan and China. However, it could also be argued that with Starbucksââ¬â¢ strategy of global domination, it is unlikely that it will ever close its Australian business entirely. Whilst Starbucksââ¬â¢ management have been keen to suggest that ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëthis decision represents business challenges unique to the Australian market and in no way re? ects the state of the Starbucks business in countries outside of the United Statesâ⬠, the US market has also suffered. By September 2008, 600 stores had closed (or were due for closure), with about 12,000 workers, or 7% of Starbucksââ¬â¢ global workforce affected (Mintz, 2008). It should be noted that the situation in the US has only worsened as a result of the global ? nancial crisis. 6. So what went wrong? Opinions abound as to why Starbucks failed in Australia. Our research suggests there is some truth to many of these opinions. P. G. Patterson et al. / Australasian Marketing Journal 18 (2010) 41ââ¬â47 45 employees, for example, meant staff and baristas had less time to engage with customers. It began to stray too far from its roots and the very values upon which the brand was built. Some of these actions were forced upon Starbucks by emerging competitors seeking to imitate the brand, and thus gain a slice of the ever growing lifestyle coffee market. Starbucksââ¬â¢ points of differentiation were systematically being eroded and, in a sense, the brand that taught the world that coffee is not a commodity was itself becoming one. 6. 2. Declining service quality The brand has also come under ? re for declining customer service as it continued to expand. For example, the quality of baristas is said to have declined as Starbucks widened its pool of applicants in order to meet demand at new stores. Can a 17 year old high school student really compete with a boutique trained barista with a passion for coffee? By not offering a better experience and product than emerging direct competitors, Starbucks found itself undermined by countless high street cafes and other chains that were selling stronger brews at lower prices and often offering better or equal hospitality. Whilst they may have pioneered the idea of a ââ¬Ëthird placeââ¬â¢, it was an easy idea to copy, and even easier to better by offering superior coffee, ambience and service. Now, with so many coffee chains around, Starbucks have little point of differentiation, even wi-? internet access has become commonplace across all types of cafe. Furthermore, while customers were offered promotional rewards for returning to Starbucks, the card-based scheme is no more sophisticated than equivalent me-too cards at Gloria Jeanââ¬â¢s, Coffee Club, Hudsonââ¬â¢s and many independent cafes. And as noted earlier, one of the things that set Starbucks apart from the competition ââ¬â i. e. , acknowledging customers (often by name for regulars) within a few seconds of entering the store and eriously engaging with them, began to unravel when Starbucks imposed both customer service and sales targets for its cafes. The imposition of these targets plus an ever widening range and complexity of coffees to remember and make to perfection, meant staff morale and inevitably customer service levels declined. In fact in the USA some staff were so disillusioned with the impositio n of sales targets (because it meant they simply didnââ¬â¢t have time to engage with customers) they posted blogs openly stating that Starbucks had lost its way. Finally, it appears that Starbucks were not even delivering on their core promise of serving superior coffee in comfortable surroundings, thus justifying its premium price. By switching to vacuum packaged coffee, consumers are denied the store-? lling aroma of the coffee beans. The switching of traditional coffee machines to automated espresso machines (which can make coffees 40% faster and move customers through the lines more quickly), has also resulted in a loss of ââ¬Ëtheatreââ¬â¢ (Grove et al. , 2000) for people wanting to see their coffee made that way and has also had implications for taste. In-store, it has been noted that there are fewer soft chairs and less carpeting, and Starbucks recently lost ground in the ââ¬Ëservice and surroundingsââ¬â¢ category of the Brand Keys 2007 Customer Loyalty Engagement Index (Cebrzynski, 2008). It seems that Starbucks is now less about the quality of the coffee, and is more about the convenience of faster service and being on every corner ââ¬â whilst still charging a premium. 6. 3. Starbucks ignored some golden rules of international marketing Ironically, it seems that the very thing that made Starbucks successful in the ? st place, its ability to adjust the original (European) business model and coffee tradition to local (US) conditions, is the thing that let it down. Whilst Starbucks has made minor changes to its menu in countries such as Japan and Saudi Arabia, it generally offers the same products all around the world. When the company came to Australia, it brought its ââ¬ËAmericanââ¬â¢ offering, simply bringing wha t worked in the US and applying it here, without really understanding the local market. But with more than 235 ethnicities speaking more than 270 languages and dialects, companies wanting to get ahead in Australia need to be aware that they are not dealing with one homogeneous market. Unfortunately what worked in the US was ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëbitter, weak coffee augmented by huge quantities of milk and sweet ? avoured syrups. Not so much coffee, as hot coffee-based smoothiesâ⬠. For the Australian consumer raised on a diet of real espresso, this was always going to be a tough sell (Mescall, 2008) As McDonaldââ¬â¢s Australia chief executive Peter Bush noted, US retailers that have had trouble making it work in Australia (e. . , Starbucks, Dennyââ¬â¢s, Arbyââ¬â¢s, Taco Bell) are those that have ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëintroduced formulae developed for US palates and for the US way of doing business . . . These formulae have, at best, modest relevance in Australiaâ⬠. Peter Irvine, co-founder of Gloria Jeanââ¬â¢s, also noted that ââ¬Ëââ¬ËUS retailers often arriv e in Australia thinking the size of their overseas chains and the strength of their brands in other markets will make it easy for them to crack the local market. Their focus is on global domination rather than the needs of the local consumersâ⬠. Further, there is a strong sense in Australia of buying local, supporting the community, having relationships with the people you buy from, and supporting ethically-minded businesses. Starbucks clashed completely with that, whereas local stores can differentiate themselves as being local and non-corporate. Furthermore, some would argue that Starbucks has become a caricature of the American way of life and many Australians reject that iconography. Many are simply not interested in the ââ¬Ësuper-sizeââ¬â¢ culture of the extra-large cups, nor want to be associated with a product that is constantly in the hands of movie stars. . 4. Expanding too quickly and forcing themselves upon an unwilling public In the US, Starbucks started in Seattle as a single store. In a nation bereft of a genuine cafe culture, that single store captured peopleââ¬â¢s imagination, and soon became a second store, quickly followed by a third. Before long, Starbucks had become a demand-driven phenomenon, wi th everyone wanting a Starbucks in their local area. McDonaldââ¬â¢s grew exactly the same way in Australia, opening just one or two stores in each city ââ¬â nowhere near enough to meet demand ââ¬â thus creating an almost arti? ial scarcity, which created huge buzz around the brand experience. Krispy Kreme did the same. But when Starbucks opened in Australia, they immediately tried to impose themselves with multiple store openings in every city ââ¬â adopting the US-model of expansion through store clusters. Australians were not given a chance to ââ¬Ëdiscoverââ¬â¢ it. As Mescall (2008) points out ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëthey took key sites, hung huge signs, made us order coffee in sizes and gave the coffees weird names. Starbucks said to us ââ¬â ââ¬Ëthatââ¬â¢s not how you drink coffee. This s how you drink coffeeââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ . They took the Coca-Cola strategy of being available wherever people looked, but this quickly led to market saturation. Their expansion di d not hurt their competitors so much as themselves, and they found themselves cannibalising their own stores. Furthermore, by becoming too common, the company violated the economic principles of cultural scarcity and the novelty wore off. By having too many outlets, becoming too commercial and too widely used, it began to lose its initial appeal of status and exclusivity. It began to have a mass brand feel, certainly not the warm feeling of a neighbourhood cafe. Furthermore, they became more reliant 46 P. G. Patterson et al. / Australasian Marketing Journal 18 (2010) 41ââ¬â47 on less af? uent consumers who now, with a worsening economy, are spending less, making Starbucks more vulnerable to economic ? uctuations. 6. 5. Entering late into a highly competitive market ââ¬Ëââ¬ËIn America, Starbucks is a state of mind. In Australia, it was simply another player. â⬠Barry Urquhart, quoted in Delaney (2008) From Day 1, Starbucks got off on the back foot. They lacked the ? rst-mover advantage they had in the US and Asia, ? nding themselves the late entrant in an already very developed, sophisticated and competitive market. Indeed, the competitive landscape in the Australian retail coffee market is very different to that of other countries. Here, Starbucks found themselves competing with hundreds of independent cafes and speciality coffee chains (see Table 3), where the coffee was generally better and the staff knew their customers by name. Signi? cantly, they were also the last of the major chains to gain a presence in Australia. 6. 6. Failing to communicate the brand Worldwide, Starbucks rarely employs above-the-line promotion, and this was also the case in Australia. Instead, they maintained that their stores are the core of the business and that they do not need to build the brand through advertising or promotion. Howard Shultz often preached, ââ¬Ëââ¬ËBuild the (Starbucksââ¬â¢) brand one cup at a time,â⬠that is, rely on the customer experience to generate word-of-mouth, loyalty and new business. But in a market as competitive as Australia, with a consumer whose palate is discerning and whose loyalty often lies with a speci? barista, advertising and promotion was essential to communicate the Starbucks message. The issue is not so much about building awareness ââ¬â which, at 90%, is high ââ¬â but to communicate what the brand means and to give consumers reasons for patronising Starbucks. Their lack of advertising made this branding issue even worse, with many people unable to articulate why they should be loyal to Starbucks. At the same time, competitors were communicating their messages very effectively ââ¬â McDonaldââ¬â¢s, for instance, is a heavy spending, award-winning, advertiser in the Australian market. Added to which, more subversive counter-messages were coming from those who saw in Starbucks a ââ¬Ëbrand bullyââ¬â¢ riding rough shod over the nuanced tastes and preferences of local cultures (Klein, 2000; Clark, 2008). In other words, a range of strong contrary messages were undermining Starbucksââ¬â¢ own very limited communications. 6. 7. Unsustainable business model Starbucksââ¬â¢ product line is limited primarily to coffee. Sometimes a new product idea will be developed, such as the Frappucino, but these tend to have limited product life cycles and/or are seasonal. For example, the Frappucino has traditionally made up 15% of (summer) sales, but recently sales have been down, suggesting that customers are already bored with it (Kiviat, 2008). Furthermore, in the instance where other products were offered, people failed to purchase them as they only really associate Starbucks with coffee and generally seek food elsewhere. This is a very different model to The Coffee Club which has much more of a cafe feel to it, or McDonaldââ¬â¢s which has a full range of breakfast and lunch/dinner items that can be complemented by a McCafe latte. Hence the average transaction value at Starbucks is lower than its competitors, and therefore more customers must pass through its doors to reach the sales and pro? t levels of its competitors. It also creates con? ict with the Starbucks ethos of the third place (and allowing people to sit around for 30 minutes sipping lattes and reading, talking or sur? ng) versus the need to get people in and out quickly and not take up valuable ââ¬Ëreal estateââ¬â¢ (which in itself means that the average Starbucks store needs to be much bigger than the average cafe). Unlike most of the other retail coffee chains, Starbucks does not use a franchise model, preferring to lease and ? t-out its own outlets. This means more cash is being spent upfront, and in Starbucksââ¬â¢ case, more debt accrued. But adopting a franchise model would have numerous other advantages than just minimising this. It would mean that local investors, with a good sense of the local market, put their own money into the business and take an active role in running it and shaping its direction. 7. What are the main lessons from this case study? Several key lessons emerge that should be of interest to both domestic and international marketers. 7. 1. Crossing international borders is risky and clearly Starbucks did not do their homework, or ignored their homework Well conceived market research involving both primary and secondary data, including qualitative and quantitative approaches, would have uncovered the extent of the ââ¬Ëcoffee cultureââ¬â¢ that existed in 2000 when Starbucks entered the Australian market. It seems inconceivable that Starbucks management, or at least its Australian representatives, were not suf? iently apprised of the extent to which many consumers were already well acculturated in terms of buying and consuming European styles of coffees such as short black, lattes and cappuccinos, nor the extent to which many customers were in fact loyal to their suburban cafe or competitive brands such as Gloria Jeanââ¬â¢s. As a late market entrant, Starbucks clearly failed to do thorough homework on the mar ket before entry ââ¬â this is a failure in terms of due diligence. Alternatively, they chose to ignore the messages that were coming from any due diligence that they had undertaken. This may or may not have been due to some arrogance on the part of Starbucks, or due to the fact that they considered they had a strong global brand which would meet with universal acceptance. An example of where Starbucks did do its homework, and act on it, was in France when it entered that market in 2006, establishing a cafe in the middle of Paris. Research had clearly shown the American way of consuming and socialising over a coffee was an anathema to many French, so Starbucks held back from entering the French market and when they ? ally entered it was with great trepidation, expanding at a very slow pace and testing the market at every step. 7. 2. ââ¬Ëââ¬ËThink global but act localâ⬠This familiar maxim in international marketing should be well understood. While Starbucks had brand awareness as a major global brand, it failed to adapt the product and the customer experience to many mature coffee drinkers in Australia. As noted earlier, all the evidence suggests that it simply tried to transplant the American experience into the Australian market without any adaptation. In particular, it failed to adapt either its core product or its supplementary services to create the intimacy, personalisation and familiarity that is associated with established boutique cafes in Australia. 7. 3. Establish a differential advantage and then strive to sustain it A question of strategy that Starbucks perhaps failed to address was, ââ¬Ëââ¬ËIs our product differentiation sustainable in the long term P. G. Patterson et al. / Australasian Marketing Journal 18 (2010) 41ââ¬â47 47 and does it continue to justify a price premium? As noted earlier, it can be argued that the core product in this case, that is the coffee itself, is essentially a commodity, and that Starbucksââ¬â¢ coffee, according to many consumers, was no different to the competition, and in some cases inferior. Then Starbucksââ¬â¢ points of difference clearly revolved around its brand image and supplementary services. It was these supplementary services, such as its unique servicescape and exce llent customer service, that they used to justify a premium price. However, as competitors (e. g. , The Coffee Club) quickly imitated the ââ¬ËStarbucks experienceââ¬â¢ (i. . , their supplementary services, ambiance, etc. ), by providing premium coffee and an intimate casual experience, Starbucksââ¬â¢ value proposition began to fade. In other words, their key points of difference could be easily imitated and were not sustainable. Faced with this scenario, the onus was on management to re-fresh and evolve any lingering differential advantage that Starbucks might have had or, at the very least, give customers reasons to continue patronising Starbucks through its communications. 7. 4. Donââ¬â¢t lose sight of what made you successful in the ? st place As more and more competitors emerged, both individual cafes and chains such as Gloria Jeanââ¬â¢s and The Coffee Club, competitive pressures forced Starbucks to impose rigid sales targets on their frontline staff including bar istas to increase store productivity. However, the imposition of these KPTs and the pressure to serve more customers more quickly meant that Starbucks forgot the very thing that made it unique in the early days, namely, to provide a customer experience in an intimate casual setting that set it aside from competitors. As more pressure was placed on staff to have higher throughput, this meant that baristas and other employees had little time to engage with customers. In other words, Starbucks forgot about the very things that made it unique in the ? rst place. This is akin to the Wheel of Retailing hypothesis (Hollander, 1960) where a no-frills retailer gradually moves upmarket in terms of variety of product, price and more services and within several years ? nds itself competing with the more established premium supermarkets that were the very competitors that they tried to distance themselves from in the ? st place. The only difference with Starbucks is that it reversed the direction of the Wheel ââ¬â by gradually moving downmarket it brought itself into direct competition with cheaper operators and lost sight of what made it successful in the ? rst place. 7. 5. Consider the viability of the business model It has to be questioned whether the Starbucksââ¬â¢ business model is viable in the l ong term, or even the medium term. A business model that uses a premium price to justify the excessive ? or space and elaborate servicescape, and allows customers to sit in this environment for an hour sipping one latte, has to be questioned. Given that Starbucks do not have the array of products that, say, a McDonaldââ¬â¢s might have and, as documented earlier in this case, therefore do not generate the same sales volumes and revenues, it is hard to see how the Starbucksââ¬â¢ model is ? nancially viable. 8. Conclusion In summary, it appears on all the evidence that Starbucks not only misjudged the Australian coffee culture but also misjudged the extent of the competition, and failed to adapt its offering to the local market. Furthermore, with the advent of high quality barista training, the availability of premium coffee beans and the technology to produce a high quality cup of coffee (at a modest cost), sole operators who knew their customers by name, were able to set up business as viable competitors. Starbucks may have been responsible for growing the premium coffee category, but the emergence of Gloria Jeanââ¬â¢s and the Coffee Club (and McCafe, a premium coffee shop embedded in McDonaldââ¬â¢s restaurants) turned out to be serious competitors. Finally, questions have to be raised about Starbucks fundamental business model in a market where many small niche players can easily replicate the ââ¬ËStarbucks Experienceââ¬â¢. References AustralAsian Specialty Coffee Association, 2006. Australian Coffee Market: Key Facts for 2006. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008. Cafes, Restaurants and Catering Services, Australia, Report 8655. 0 for 2006ââ¬â07. Bawden, T. , 2008. Starbucks reports ? rst loss in 16 years. Times Online, 31 July. (accessed 15. 08. 08. ). BBC News, 2006. China central to Starbucks growth. BBC News, 14 February. (accessed 29. 08. 08. ). Browning, E. 2008. Starbucks hopes growth abroad will save its bottom line. ABC News, 31 July. (accessed 29. 08. 08. ). Burritt, C. , 2007. McDonaldââ¬â¢s challenges Starbucks with cheaper lattes. Bloomberg, 11 September. (accessed 29. 08. 08. ). Cebrzynski, G. , 2008. Starbucks-dominated category wakes up and smells McDââ¬â¢s espresso rollout. Nationââ¬â¢s Res taurant News 42 (3), 1ââ¬â6. Charles, E. , 2007. In the trenches: Coffee. In the Black, May, 28ââ¬â31. Clark, N. , 2008. Starbucks: The brand we love to hate. Marketing, 2 April. Coleman-Lochner, L. , Stanford, D. D. , 2008. Starbucks reports ? rst loss since 1992, predicts slower growth. Bloomberg, 30 July. (accessed 29. 08. 08. ). Delaney, B. , 2008. Starbucks to go. Guardian, 30 July. (accessed 29. 08. 08. ). Edwards, V. , Sainsbury, M. , 2008. Weak coffee and large debt stir Starbucksââ¬â¢ troubles in Australia. The Australian, 31 July. Euromonitor, 2006. Starbucks Ups Expansion Plans. Euromonitor International. Euromonitor, 2007. Starbucks Corp ââ¬â Consumer Foodservice ââ¬â World. Euromonitor International. Euromonitor, 2008a. On-trade Watch: Identifying Key Growth Markets to 2012. Euromonitor International. Euromonitor, 2008b. Company Watch: Starbucks Wakes Up and Smells the Coffee. Euromonitor International. Euromonitor, 2008c. Coffee ââ¬â Australia. Euromonitor International. Euromonitor, 2008d. Impulse Food and Drink Channels ââ¬â Coffee ââ¬â Australia. Euromonitor International. Grove, S. , Fisk, R. , John, J. , 2000. Services as theater. In: Swartz, T. , Iacobucci, D. (Eds. ), Handbook of Services Marketing and Management. Sage Publications, CA, pp. 21ââ¬â35. Hollander, S. , 1960. The wheel of retailing. Journal of Marketing 25 (1), 37ââ¬â42. Hota, M. , 2008. Starbucks: brewing more than just coffee. European Case Clearing House (ECCC), 508-025-1. Karolefski, J. , 2002. Conquering new grounds. BrandChannel, 11 February. (accessed 29. 08. 08. ). Kiviat, B. , 2008. Wake up and sell the coffee. Time South Paci? c (Australia/New Zealand edition) 7 (13), 52ââ¬â56. Klein, N. , 2000. No Logo. Flamingo, London. Lee, H. , 2003. Japan: a nation of coffee lovers. Euromonitor International. Lee, H. , 2004. Coffee brews a future in China? Euromonitor International. Lindhe, J. , 2008. One skinny cap to go. Business Review Weekly, 7 August. (accessed 15. 08. 08. ). Lovelock, C. , Patterson, P. G. , Walker, R. , 2007. Services Marketing: An Asia Paci? c and Australian Perspective. Pearson Education, Singapore. Martin, S. , 2008. Starbucks: a study in liberal failure, Part II. Conservatism Today, 29 July. (accessed 29. 08. 08. ). Mescall, J. , 2008. Starbucks in Australia: where did it go wrong? Unleashed, 7 August. (accessed 29. 08. 08. ). Mintz, J. , 2008. Starbucks closing 600 stores in the US. International Business Times, 1 July. (accessed 14. 09. 08. ). Muthukumar, R. , Jain, S. , 2008. Starbucks suffers: Schultz returns. European Case Clearing House (ECCC), 308-152-1. Palmer, D. , 2008. Starbucks: what went wrong? AFN Thought for Food, 31 July. (accessed 29. 08. 08. ). Schultz, H. , Yang, D. J. , 1997. Pour Your Heart into It: How Starbucks Build a Company One Cup at a Time. Hyperia Publishing, New York. Shoebridge, N. , 2008. Local palate bucks another US retailer. The Australian Financial Review, 4 August. (accessed 15. 08. 08. ). Uncles, M. D. , 2008. Aroma Australia Pty Ltd goes to Japan. In: Schiffman, L. , Bednall, D. , Oââ¬â¢Cass, A. , Paladino, A. , Ward, S. , Kanuk, L. (Eds. ), Consumer Behaviour, fourth ed. Pearson Education Australia, Australia, pp. 584ââ¬â588. Wailes, N. , 2008. Taste of defeat for the mugs from Starbucks. Sydney Morning Herald 31 (July). wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-70144291621390309692020-03-04T03:53:00.001-08:002020-03-04T03:53:04.203-08:00Moon Jellyfish FactsMoon Jellyfish Facts The moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) is a common jelly that is easily recognized by its four horseshoe-shaped gonads, which are visible through the top of its translucent bell. The species gets its common name for the way its pale bell resembles a full moon. Fast Facts: Moon Jellyfish Scientific Name: Aurelia auritaCommon Names: Moon jellyfish, moon jelly, common jellyfish, saucer jellyBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: 10-16 inchesLifespan: 6 months as an adultDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Tropical and subtropical oceansPopulation: AbundantConservation Status: Not Evaluated Description The moon jellyfish has a translucent 10 to 16 inch bell with a fringe of short tentacles. The tentacles are lined with nematocysts (stinging cells). Most moon jellies have four horseshoe-shaped gonads (reproductive organs), but a few have three or five. The bell and gonads may be translucent white, pink, blue, or purple, depending on the animals diet. The jellyfish has four fringed oral arms that are longer than its tentacles. Habitat and Range The species lives in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. It is common along the Atlantic coast of North America and Europe. Moon jellyfish frequent coastal and epipelagic areas (top layer of the ocean) and can survive the lower salinity of estuaries and bays. Diet and Behavior The moon jellyfish is a carnivore that feeds on zooplankton, including protozoa, diatoms, eggs, crustaceans, mollusks, and worms. The jelly is not a strong swimmer, mainly using its short tentacles to stay near the water surface. Plankton get trapped in the mucus coating the animal and passed via cilia into its oral cavity for digestion. Moon jellyfish absorb their own tissue and shrink if they are starved. They grow to their normal size when food becomes available. Although water currents group jellyfish together, they live solitary lives. Scientists believe jellyfish may communicate with one another using chemicals released into the water. The jellyfish life cycle includes both sexual and asexual phases. Dorling Kindersley / Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring The jellyfish life cycle has a sexual and asexual component. Each adult (called a medusa) is either male or female. In the open ocean, jellyfish release sperm and eggs into the water. Fertilized eggs develop and grow in the water as planula for a few days before attaching to the sea floor and growing into polyps. The polyp resembles an upside down medusa. Polyps asexually bud off clones that develop into mature medusae. In the wild, Aurelia jellyfish reproduce for several months. Near the end of summer, they become susceptible to disease and tissue damage from the exertion of reproduction and diminishing food supplies. Most moon jellyfish probably live about six months, although captive specimens may live many years. Like the immortal jellyfish (Turritopsis dohrnii), the moon jellyfish can undergo lifecycle reversal, essentially growing younger rather than older. Conservation Status The IUCN has not evaluated the moon jelly for a conservation status. The jellyfish are abundant, with adult populations spiking or blooming in July and August. The moon jellyfish thrives in water containing a lower than normal concentration of dissolved oxygen. Dissolved oxygen drops in response to increased temperature or pollution. Jellyfish predators (leatherback turtles and ocean sunfish) cannot tolerate the same conditions, are subject to overfishing and climate change, and may die when they mistakenly eat floating plastic bags that resemble jellies.Thus, jellyfish numbers are expected to grow. Moon jellyfish blooms in summer have environmental causes and consequences. Michael Nolan / Getty Images Moon Jellyfish and Humans Moon jellyfish are consumed as food, especially in China. The species is of concern because an overabundance of the jellies significantly decreases plankton levels. People frequently encounter moon jellyfish because of their abundance and preference for coastal waters. These jellyfish do sting, but their venom is mild and considered harmless. Any clinging tentacles may be rinsed off with salt water. The venom may then be deactivated with heat, vinegar, or baking soda. Sources Arai, M. N. A Functional Biology of Scyphozoa. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 68ââ¬â206, 1997. ISBN 978-0-412-45110-2.He, J.; Zheng, L.; Zhang, W.; Lin, Y. Life Cycle Reversal in Aurelia sp.1 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa). PLoS ONE. 10 (12): e0145314, 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145314Hernroth, L. and F. Grondahl. On the Biology of Aurelia Aurita. Ophelia. 22(2):189-199, 1983.Shoji, J.; Yamashita, R.; Tanaka, M. Effect of low dissolved oxygen concentrations on behavior and predation rates on fish larvae by moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita and by a juvenile piscivore, Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius. Marine Biology. 147 (4): 863ââ¬â868, 2005. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-1579-8Solomon, E. P.; Berg, L. R.; Martin, W. W. Biology (6th ed.). London: Brooks/Cole. pp. 602ââ¬â608, 2002. ISBN 978-0-534-39175-1. wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-79297192840973916942020-02-16T19:18:00.001-08:002020-02-16T19:18:02.226-08:00ISLAMIC JIHAD UNION (IJU)---Terrorist Group Research PaperISLAMIC JIHAD UNION (IJU)---Terrorist Group - Research Paper Example This Uzbeki based organization is thus now acclaimed as a banned organization by the UK, US and some other nations, also actively condemned on the UN forum. Introduction Islamic Jihadi Union (IJU), which was previously known as the Islamic Jihad Group, is an organized terrorist group which has often seen conducting attacks on Uzbekistan and even Germany. Being one of the most widely studied terrorist organizations; it is also referred to as Jamiyat, Jamaay Mojahidin, Islomi Jihad and the Kazakh Jammat. The organization was founded in 2002, and the origin of Islamic Jihadi Union stems from Pakistan. Analyzing the ethnic origins of the organization, most of the members have Uzbek ethnicity, while Tajik, Kyrgyz and Turks are also found amongst the ethnic group members. Since the basis of the organization is religious in nature, it is also significant to identify the religious roots of IJU, and thus, IJU has a Sunni Muslim inclination (Asal 2007). The organization includes about 100-150 people as active participants who incorporate the main body of the organization. Though Uzbekistan is the sole focus of IJU, it is also found executing activities in other states like Pakistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Also, the organization doesnââ¬â¢t entirely base its operations in isolation, rather it has also found to have associations with IMU, Al-Qaeda, the Haqqani Network and the Uighur and the Chechen Groups. Ideology of IJU Mainly implementing the true Islamic Ideology and executing the fundamental Islamic principles as interpreted by the founding fathers of IJU comprises the philosophical basis of the organization. However, strategically speaking, the main goal of the organization was the overthrow the Uzbek government in favor of IJU governing body. However, as the organization gained momentum, and also, the organizational setup matured in 2007, IJU`s mission became global in nature. The transnational agenda of IJU is similar to that of Al-Qaeda, w hich includes the advocacy for a free Palestine and supporting the coalition forces in Afghanistan. In 2009, IJU was focused upon the goal of overthrowing Karimov from power in Uzbekistan. (Inbar and Frisch 2008) Background IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) is the parent organization of IJU; however a group of militants split apart from the organization in 2002, and this group of organization is what now comprises Islamic Jihadi Union. Amongst the most massive attacks accredited to IJI was the bombing executed in Tashkent in April 2004. This was a suicide attack executed in a crowded market, and though the intelligence agencies were initially putting the blame on other terrorist organizations, IJU claimed responsibility for the attacks. Another attack which was executed targeted Uzbeki Prosecutor General`s Office alongside the Israeli Embassy and the US Embassy. This attack, held in June 2004, was quite a sophisticated one, which indicated the maturity of the organization over ti me. Another attack held in October 2004, which is also accredited to the IJU is the attack in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Also, further attacks were executed in 2007 to support the Al-Qaeda and the Taliban factions of Afghanistan. Major Tactics Like other terrorist organizations of similar nature, IJU uses a variety of tactics to execute its mission plans and leave an impact on the intended actors. Small arms wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-46668334354124037982020-02-03T00:01:00.001-08:002020-02-03T00:01:02.643-08:00THE EVOLUTION OF MACROECONOMICS IN THE UK EssayTHE EVOLUTION OF MACROECONOMICS IN THE UK - Essay Example In this sense, it can be implied that only in times of market failures are governments are justified to intervene. This paper will explore the different viewpoints of classical and Keynesian economic principles and concludes how prevailing economic policies are only transient and evolutionary. II. Fundamental Policy Issues A. Classical Economics The classical economic thought resides on the simple concept that the market can work effectively even without any form of human intervention. The market, as Adam Smith puts it, possesses an invisible hand that automatically puts the economy back into plump shape when otherwise with the guiding advocacy to let the government leave market activity into the interests of individuals (2009z: 400). Smith states that the ââ¬Å"governments that intervene in the market activity only represent the wealthy and the powerfulâ⬠rather than a mass (as cited in Sowell 1994: 23). Even to classical liberals such as Frederic Bastiat, state interference o n any activity which goes beyond its functions (i.e. maintaining order and justice) is a ââ¬Å"usurpation upon conscience, upon intelligence, upon industry; in a word upon human libertyâ⬠(as cited in Haney 1911: 257). ... From this standpoint stemmed the principle of laissez-faire which would eventually resolve deficiencies in employment and output levels. B. Keynesian Economics According to the brainchild of Keynesian economics, John Maynard Keynes, the government is the only fundamental societal structure that can manage the aggregate demand from households, businesses, and the government itself to ensure price stability (Korten 2010). Keynesian economics assume the opposite of what classical economists theorise -- that a free market is not self-correcting so that it would result in unemployment in the process (the Great Depression, being the proof). Furthermore, market forces will consume a long period to bring back full employment because in the real -time market, demand is not sufficient to maintain full employment (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). Keynesian economists say that in order to efficiently sustain employment at full level, the government must push through monetary and fiscal policies (i.e . increase government spending and decrease taxation) in order to stimulate the aggregate demand for commodities, hence creating additional employment opportunities (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). When there is a right level of demand, the supply-side would look after itself (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). This would result in an increase of budget deficit (Cowling & Sugden 1990). However, Keynesian economists sustain that this is only justifiable. III. Theory A. Market Equilibrium: On Fluctuating Prices a.1. Classical Perspective Market clearing in both the labor and commodities markets is entirely possible because of equilibrium forces (Free 2010: 73). For instance, when the supply exceeds demand, the market reaches equilibrium if prices decrease which is only an inevitable wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-37016356812450572802020-01-25T20:23:00.001-08:002020-01-25T20:23:06.223-08:00Identity Regulation as a Form of Organizational ControlIdentity Regulation as a Form of Organizational Control Introduction I have decided to opted ââ¬Å"Identity regulation in organisations is a form of control that needs to be acknowledged in order to encourage the emancipation of workersâ⬠. But before starting my assignment i would like to go through that what Organization is and whatââ¬â¢s the real truth behind Organizational Behaviour. Organizations are inescapable features of modern social experience for all human beings. From the remotest village high in the Himalayan foothills to life in a lager metropolis, organizations impact on all aspect of human experience. Now we come to that what organizational behaviour actually is:- Organizational behaviour provides one of the mainstream approaches to the study of management and organizations. Its main sphere of interest is anything relevant to the design, management and effectiveness of an organization, together with the dynamic and interactive relationships that exist within them. Hawthorne studies This theory was directed by Elton Mayo during the late 1920s and early 1930s. These studies first highlighted the complexity of human behaviour in an organizational setting. This on turn led to recognition of the importance of the social context within which work occurred and of the ways in which groups become a significant influence on individual behaviour. Ref: organizational behaviour and management john martin third edition The Meaning of Organizational Behaviour Organizational behaviour is one of the most complex and perhaps least understood academic elements of modern general management, but since it concerns the behaviour of people within organizations it is also one of the most central, its concern with invidual and group patterns of behaviour makes it an essential element in dealing with the complex behaviour issues thrown up in the modern business world. Ref: (Financial times Mastering management series) First we are going to start with the Management as an integrating activity;- Management as an integrating activity Management is the cornerstone of organizational effectiveness, and is concerned with arrangement for the carrying out of organizational processes and the execution of work. According to Drucker, it is the management that enables the organization to contribute a needed result to society, the economy and the invidual. Ref:-management and organizational behaviour 5th edition ââ¬Å"The fact is that management ultimately depend on an understanding of human nature.I suggets it goes much further than that. In the first place, good management depends upon the acceptance of certain basic values. It cannot be achieved without honesty and integrity, or without consideration for the interests of others. Secondly, it is the understanding of human foibles that we all share, such as jealousy, envy, status, prejudice, perception, temperament, motivation and talent which provides the greatest challenge to managers. Ref: HRH The Duke of Edinburgh, Institute of Management Patron. The psychological contract One significant aspects of the relationship between the invidual and the organization is the concept of the psychological contract. This is not a written document, but implies a series of mutual expectations and satisfaction of needs arising from the people-organization relationship. It involves a process of giving and receiving by the invidual and by the organization. The psychological contract covers a range of expectations of rights and privileges, duties and obligations, which donot form part of a formal agreement but still have an important influence on people behaviour. Invidual`s Expectations Provide safe and hygienic working conditions Make every reasonable effort to provide job security Attempt to provide challenging and satisfying jobs and reduce alienating aspects of work. Adopt equitable personnel policies and procedures. Treat member staff with respect. These expectations are notwithstanding any statutory requirement placed upon the organization. Instead they relate more to the idea of social responsibilities of management. The organization will also have implicit expectations of its member, for example:- To accept the ideology of the organization To work diligently in pursuit of organizational objectives Not to abuse goodwill shown by the management To uphold the image of the organization To show loyalty. The organization side of the psychological contract places emphasis on expectations, requirement and constraints which often differ from, and may be in conflict with ,an Invidual`s expectations. Ref:-Laurie j Mullins management and behaviour The case study below shows the true picture of the psychological contract and it s nature:- Case study: Disgruntled mice turn on fat cats Rhetoric about employee being vital corporate assets is sounding increasingly hollow writes John Plender. After years of downsizing, delaying and re-engineering, a punch-drunk British workforce hardly looks ready for a return to confrontational industrial relation. Yet the strike at British Airways, complete with management pressure and inter-union rivalry, raises question. Is this the first sign of a shift in power back to the workers as labour market condition tightens? And have managers become complacement in their attitudes to the workforce? The British Airways saga admittedly looks more of a throwback than a forward indicator. Most occupants of British boardrooms would vehemently reject charges of complacency or macho management. Yet there is evidence that business leaders are failing to carry employee with them as they continue to restructure. The standard rhetoric about `empowered` employee being vital corporate assets rings increasingly hollow. Consider recent data from International Survey Research (ISR), a leading consultant whose employee opinion survey covers 450 companies in 18 countries. Some finding in its survey, such as the free ââ¬âfall in feelings of employment security throughout Europe, are predictable enough. Nor is it surprising that stakeholders-type economics like Switzerland, Norway and the Netherlands tend to have the the most contented workforces. The UK`S ignominious position- second only to Hungary at the bottom of the league for employee satisfaction- will no doubt be dismissed as British workers enjoying a moan. And the fact that UK management is judged less favourably by employee than managers are rated elsewhere will prompt a similar response. Yet when ISR`s work is looked at over a period of years, it is easily brushed aside. Take the progressive year-on-year collapse in the morale of the UK workforce since 1990. The trend is odd because it defies the logic of the economic cycle. Recovery has brought deterioration, not improvement. Also odd is the workforceââ¬â¢s view of management, at the depths of the recession earlier in the decade, UK employee, though generally dissatisfied, were still taking quite a favourable view of the managers compared with the rest of the Europe. Today, despite a marked increased in the rate of UK earning growth, disillusionment appears total. The clue with the ISR survey published at the end of 1995.This revealed that workers attitudes had suffered `the most prepitate decline` of any European country over the previous 10 years. Motivation and commitment to the company were lower than in the strife-torn days of the mid-1970s. The timing is significant because this was the first survey after the notorious British Gas Annual General Meeting at which the investment institute sanctioned a much increased pay-package for Mr.Cedric Brown-this when profits were substantially below their five years earlier, customer service was deteriorating and employee were being shed in larger numbers. The message is clear enough. Far from being a little local difficulty in the privatised utilities, the `fat cat` pay saga had a much wider demoralising impact which is still being felt. It does not follow that British workers are about to the picket lines en masse. As long as insecurity is endemic, and the main legislative reforms of the past 18 years remain intact, the union will not resume their former mantle. Nor does the government of Mr Tony Blair, a personal friend of BA chief Executive , Mr Bob Ayling, appear keen to take an active role in the dispute at BA. There is also a wide spread view that employee satisfactions a key performance indicator. Yet survey feels dimishing loyalty. In effect a contract which views the employee as assets and a cost has an innate tension. If it operate operates against the back ground of ever widening pay differentials between shop floor and board, or runs into the BA style of management, it may become untenable. There is a growing recognition among economist that trust is a valuable commodity. At national level- as in the stakeholderââ¬â¢s economics metioned earlier- it can enhance growth. When it exists between the various stakeholders in a business it reduces transaction costs and enhances competitive advantage. If British business wants to achieve the highest standards of quality in internationally tradable products and services on a sustainable basis, it badly needs to absorb this lesson. Source-Financial times, 12 July 1997. Critically Analysing the meaning of Work, Motivation and Commitment Work organizations can be understood not only as environments in which people produce work, but also ââ¬Å"places where work produces peopleâ⬠. Hence, any discussion of what people want or need out of work (particularly paid employment) cannot be isolated from the context of that work environment. The experience of working in a particular organization can itself produce wants and needs in the worker. Unfortunately, the personality and the motivation theories described everywhere are based on much simpler models of human behaviour. These tend to view the person as possessing a certain set of psychological characteristics which are brought into work each day. The idea that these change through interaction with others in the organization is rarely touched on. Another aspect of the two-pronged approach to the analysis of Invidual`s behaviour by organizational psychological is a tendency to restrict the subject matter to more less quantifiable elements of behaviour and to those aspects of behaviour which are predictable and controllable from a managerial point of view. Ref: J martin Corbett Baritz,1960 and Hollway , 1991 and indeed, Thompson and McHugh (1990) argue that ââ¬Å"the true paradigm of the organizational psychologist is that of ensuring `effective resource use`: supplying advice, recourses and training which are aimed at assisting organization in efficiency managing the conflict and resistance which is a predictable consequence of hierarchically organised production.â⬠Ref: Baritz, L (1960) Servants of power, Middletown: Wesleyan University Press Hollway, W (1991) Work Psychology and Organizational Behaviour, London: sage Thompson, P. and McHugh, D. (1990) Work organizations: A Critical Introduction. London: Macmillan Employee Commitment: on becoming a torturer What kind of person becomes a torturer? For many people it would seem obvious that only psychopaths and cranks would wish to pursue such a career. Yet, torture is currently practised by one government in three and these governments experience little or difficulty in recruting torturers. Are there really sufficient numbers of sadist ready, able and willing to take on such a job, or are there other factors which contribute to the creation of a torturer? There is no hard evidence that torturers are psychopaths or sadist. On the contrary, there is evidence that such people are usually screened out during the selection and recruitment process. Thus, to some extent at least, torturers are selected and recruited from ordinary people: ââ¬Å"A deranged person who receives gratification primilary from feeling of power or from personally inflicting pain on other is usually too unreliable to be counted on by authorities to follow ordersâ⬠. Ref: J. Martin Corbett Based on the studies of torturers employed by the State during 1967-74 military dictatorship of Greece, the psychologist Haritos-Fatoutos argues that three situational factor foster the creation of a torturer, namely: training, incremental participation and socialisation, and economic and symbolic reward. Training The first phase of training involves group bonding and isolation from the outside world. In case of the torture, this is achieved by placing recruits in remote training camps and putting them through numerous initiation rites. Haritos- Fatoutos describe how the use of euphemism by the trainers helped Greek recruits reinterpret their behaviour. For example, ââ¬Å"tea partyâ⬠referred to a ââ¬Å"beating with fists and ââ¬Å"tea party with toastâ⬠described a ââ¬Å"beating with heavy wooden clubsâ⬠. The use of such euphemistic language is , of course, common practice in organizations to put a gloss on unpleasant reality- from the Nazi Partyââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Final Solutionâ⬠, through the CIAââ¬â¢s `executive action`, to the `downsizing ` and ` rationalisation` of contemporary business organizations. Training also requires the recruit to develop a world view that divides people into torturable and non-torturable. Through a programme of seminars the recruits comes to believe that the act of tortures is a defence of ââ¬Å"good ââ¬Å"values against the ââ¬Å"badâ⬠values. Recruits are trained to be loyal not only to the state but to the organization, which is semi-secret and will protect them. Ref: Haritos- Fatoutos, M. (1988) The official tortures: A learning model of obedience to authority of violence. Journal of applied social psychology, 18, 1107-1120. Incremental Socialisation Such a moral shift, or disengagement, is made easier by the gradual introduction of the recruits to the brutal act of torture. A typical process of incremental socialisation and desensitisation goes through the following chronological sequences: Recruits act as guards while other carry out torture. Recruits carry food to the prisoners in there cells Recruits fully participate fully in torture. Hence the recruits are pulled inexorably into the torturing process. Having gone through the first two steps in the socialisation process recruits find it very difficult to protest about the use of full torture as there have been corrupted by tacit acceptance of earlier (less extreme) examples of torture. Rewards Once fully socialised, obedient torturers benefit in both symbolic and economic ways. Training fosters in-group bias. The finding of numerous social psychological studies suggested that participation in strenuous initiation rites makes group membership more desirable. Ref: Haritos- Fatoutos, M. (1988) The official tortures: A learning model of obedience to authority of violence. Journal of applied social psychology, 18, 1107-1120. There are some more aspects which really effect of employee performance. Inter-group relations Individualââ¬â¢s allegiances to, and identification with, various social groups can have an important influences on their attitudes and behaviour. The notion of employee commitment can over-generalise the nature of such allegiances and hence overlook the fact that you can be committed to your work, to your collegues, to your department, to your occupation or to the company you work for. But these commitments will vary and will often conflict with each other. There are many groups within even the smallest of organizations. It is not only the varying degrees of commitment each group commands amongst its members that can have a significant impact on organizational functioning. The relations between these groups and the relative power each commands can be more curial in shaping organizational behaviour. Hence, a psychological analysis alone is insufficient to understand fully the complexities of inter-group relations. Organizational design and design The variety of ways in which organizational are structured and managed and how they change over time, provides the basis of much organizational behaviour research. Also it is the domain of almost all so-called ââ¬Å"Management Gurusâ⬠. For instance, Salaman (1983) observes that ââ¬Å"organizations are structure of controlâ⬠. Given that organizational structures include management and worker organization, control and reward systems, and job design, they clearly involve political issues, as well as decisions and strategic choices. Despite this, much of the conventional organizational behaviour literature on organizational structure and design concentrates, somewhat uncritically, on information flows, work structure, job design and cultures as entities designed and controlled by a management elite. Ref:-Salaman, G (1983) Class and the Corporation. London: Fontana. Technology and organization Scarborough and Corbett (1992) describes technology and organization as ââ¬Å"far from containing or controlling the technology process, the formal boundaries and managerial hierarchies of organization may themselves restructure by itâ⬠. Similarly, sole resources to a unilateral deskilling process (at a societal level), in which technology developed under capitalism inevitably leads to the deskilling and control of labour, does little to convey the uncertainties and interaction of the technology process, nor account for the key role played by Invidual`s and groups: Indeed, on occasion the transformational power of technological knowledge may escape the intentions of the powerful and undermines, and not simply reproduce, existing social and economic structures. To better understand technology and organization I think its good to go through this case study. Ref: Scarborough, H. and Corbett, J.M. (1992) Technology and Organization: Power, Meaning and Design. London: Routledge. Case study: New technology and the Skolt Lapplanders Introduced in the early 1960s, the snowmobile was adopted by the Skolt Lapp people to replace reindeer sleds as a means of transportation. This technology brought easier access to trading posts, more sophisticated health care and a more varied diet and recreation. Yet, within a few years the introduction of this technology had made a profound impact on the Skolt Lapp community. The Skolt Lapp community, like many traditional communities, was organised around a patriarchal power structure, so that the old man held all the positions of status and authority. However, unlike the younger members of the community, these man lacked the muscular strength and dexterity to ride and maintain the heavy snowmobiles. Given that the new technology symbolised progress and the promise of economic prosperity to many Lapps, this result in a decline in the status of the elders relative to the younger, stronger men. Of even greater significance, and as the snowmobiles replaced the reindeer sled as the dominant means of transportation, this status shift was accompanied by the decline in the importance of the `elders` knowledge and wisdom concerning the care and use of reindeer herds. Such a shift was encouraged all the more by the rapid drops in calf births that resulted from the effects of the frightening noise of the snowmobiles` engines on pregnant reindeers. Indeed, within 3 years, a majority of the domesticated reindeers herd had returned to the wild. The impact of this should not be under-estimated as for generations; the reindeers had been of great symbolic and cultural significance of the Skolt Lapps. Most important of all, the Skolt Lapplanders quickly found themselves dependent on outside suppliers of imported petroleum and spare parts for the snowmobiles. Also, many of the physically ill Lapps became psychologically (and sometimes physically) dependent on the constant supply of non-introduction of the snowmobiles. Thus, an apparently neutral technology brought about significant (and largely irreversible) cultural changes to a community. Ref: Scarborough, H. and Corbett, J.M. (1992) Technology and Organization: Power, Meaning and Design. London: Routledge. Egan, G. (1993) Quarantine. London: Legend Books Organizational Culture Culture as a concept has had a long and checked history. It has been used by the lay person as a word to indicate sophistication, as when we say that someone is very ââ¬Å"Culturedâ⬠. It has been used by anthropologists to refer to the customs and rituals that societies develop over the course of their history. In the last decade or so it has been used by some organizational researchers and managers to indicate the climate and practices that organizations develop around their handling of people or to refer to the espoused values and credo of an organization. A deeper understanding of cultural issues in groups and organizations is necessary to decipher what goes on in them but, even more important, to identify what may be the priority issues for leaders and leadership. Organizational cultures are created in part by leaders, and one of the most decisive functions of leadership is the creation, the management, and sometimes evens the destruction of culture. Ref:-Edgar H. Schein (1997) Organizational Culture and Leadership. John Wiley sons, Inc. A cross- cultural comparison of work values Numerous motivation theorist outline the importance of certain characteristics of work and the work environment in promoting job satisfication. But to what extend do the motivation theories of Maslow, Herzbed, Mc Clelland, Hackman and Oldham, etc. reflect what motivates a particular, possibly unique, sample of the working population, namely the average ââ¬Å"American employeeâ⬠. Can we really generalise such theories to the global working population? Mainstream organisational behaviour textbooks certainly imply as much. But if we cannot generalise from the US experience there are obvious implications for the human resources management policies of multi- national corporations and for international post-merger management. Ref: Maslow, A. (1971) The further reaches of human Nature. New York: Viking Press. Herzbed, P.G. (1976) Non- hierarchical organization vol-2. Harmondsworth: Penguin. In 1989, Don Elizur and colleagues was to collect data by questionnaire from samples of managers and employee from a variety of countries. The average sample size was 285. The author owns UK sample comprised 148 respondents. The age range and gender mix of the samples were similar. The questionnaire was designed to represent the major perspectives outlined by basic theories of motivation. 24 items were selected and respondents were asked to indicate for each item the extent to which it is important. (using response categories ranging from ââ¬Å"very unimportantâ⬠to ââ¬Å"very importantâ⬠). The items included the following. Job interest, to do work which is interesting to you. Achievements in work. Advancement, opportunities for promotion Self-esteem, that you are valued as a person Use of ability and knowledge in your work Job security, permanent job Autonomy, independence in work. Supervisor, a fair and considerate boss. Pay, the amount of money you receive Co-workers, fellow workers who are pleasant and agreeable. This selection of items is listed in tables. They also indicate the survey results from the US, the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, Taiwan, Korea, Hungary and China. The major similarities and difference between these work population samples can be more clearly comprehended by considering the rank order of the item based on the managerial distributions as represented in table. So we see, for example, that interesting work was considered to be the most important work values by respondents from the US, Germany, and the Netherlands. Yet the same items were considered to be much less important from the point of the Hungarian and Chinese respondents. Also, interesting cross-cultural disparities are in evidence for the last three items; good boss, good pay and friendly co-workers. Table: Rank ordering of work values for a sample of eight countries USA UK Germany Netherland Taiwan Korea Hungary China Interesting work 1 2 1 1 2 3 6 5 Achievements 2 6 7 2 1 1 2 1 Advancements 3 7 10 5 4 7 10 6 Self-esteem 4 5 9 9 3 9 7 3 Use abilities 5 4 6 6 8 4 5 2 Autonomy 6 9 5 4 7 10 9 4 Job security 7 8 4 8 5 2 8 10 Good boss 8 10 3 7 6 6 1 7 Good pay 9 3 8 10 10 8 4 9 Co-workers 10 1 2 3 9 5 3 8 Ref:- Elizur , D.,Borg, I., Hunt, R. and Beck, I. K. (1989) The structure of work values: A cross-cultural comparasion.`journal of Organizational Behaviour, 12,21-30 Conclusion It is a truism to claim that people are an organisational resource -indeed, for some organisations, they are the key resource, without which the organisation would be unable to deliver any meaningful product or service to its customers. Like any resource, however, people may be used wastefully: they may be employed at well below their potential, performing tasks which do not stretch their capabilities and which are ultimately alienating in their psychological impact on the employees involved. Alternatively, people may be managed and led in ways which inspire them to be highly motivated and to demonstrate long-term commitment to both their roles and the organisation which employs them. When this is achieved, the performance of its people becomes a major differentiator for the organisation and a source of long-term competitive strength. Identity Regulation as a Form of Organizational Control Identity Regulation as a Form of Organizational Control Introduction I have decided to opted ââ¬Å"Identity regulation in organisations is a form of control that needs to be acknowledged in order to encourage the emancipation of workersâ⬠. But before starting my assignment i would like to go through that what Organization is and whatââ¬â¢s the real truth behind Organizational Behaviour. Organizations are inescapable features of modern social experience for all human beings. From the remotest village high in the Himalayan foothills to life in a lager metropolis, organizations impact on all aspect of human experience. Now we come to that what organizational behaviour actually is:- Organizational behaviour provides one of the mainstream approaches to the study of management and organizations. Its main sphere of interest is anything relevant to the design, management and effectiveness of an organization, together with the dynamic and interactive relationships that exist within them. Hawthorne studies This theory was directed by Elton Mayo during the late 1920s and early 1930s. These studies first highlighted the complexity of human behaviour in an organizational setting. This on turn led to recognition of the importance of the social context within which work occurred and of the ways in which groups become a significant influence on individual behaviour. Ref: organizational behaviour and management john martin third edition The Meaning of Organizational Behaviour Organizational behaviour is one of the most complex and perhaps least understood academic elements of modern general management, but since it concerns the behaviour of people within organizations it is also one of the most central, its concern with invidual and group patterns of behaviour makes it an essential element in dealing with the complex behaviour issues thrown up in the modern business world. Ref: (Financial times Mastering management series) First we are going to start with the Management as an integrating activity;- Management as an integrating activity Management is the cornerstone of organizational effectiveness, and is concerned with arrangement for the carrying out of organizational processes and the execution of work. According to Drucker, it is the management that enables the organization to contribute a needed result to society, the economy and the invidual. Ref:-management and organizational behaviour 5th edition ââ¬Å"The fact is that management ultimately depend on an understanding of human nature.I suggets it goes much further than that. In the first place, good management depends upon the acceptance of certain basic values. It cannot be achieved without honesty and integrity, or without consideration for the interests of others. Secondly, it is the understanding of human foibles that we all share, such as jealousy, envy, status, prejudice, perception, temperament, motivation and talent which provides the greatest challenge to managers. Ref: HRH The Duke of Edinburgh, Institute of Management Patron. The psychological contract One significant aspects of the relationship between the invidual and the organization is the concept of the psychological contract. This is not a written document, but implies a series of mutual expectations and satisfaction of needs arising from the people-organization relationship. It involves a process of giving and receiving by the invidual and by the organization. The psychological contract covers a range of expectations of rights and privileges, duties and obligations, which donot form part of a formal agreement but still have an important influence on people behaviour. Invidual`s Expectations Provide safe and hygienic working conditions Make every reasonable effort to provide job security Attempt to provide challenging and satisfying jobs and reduce alienating aspects of work. Adopt equitable personnel policies and procedures. Treat member staff with respect. These expectations are notwithstanding any statutory requirement placed upon the organization. Instead they relate more to the idea of social responsibilities of management. The organization will also have implicit expectations of its member, for example:- To accept the ideology of the organization To work diligently in pursuit of organizational objectives Not to abuse goodwill shown by the management To uphold the image of the organization To show loyalty. The organization side of the psychological contract places emphasis on expectations, requirement and constraints which often differ from, and may be in conflict with ,an Invidual`s expectations. Ref:-Laurie j Mullins management and behaviour The case study below shows the true picture of the psychological contract and it s nature:- Case study: Disgruntled mice turn on fat cats Rhetoric about employee being vital corporate assets is sounding increasingly hollow writes John Plender. After years of downsizing, delaying and re-engineering, a punch-drunk British workforce hardly looks ready for a return to confrontational industrial relation. Yet the strike at British Airways, complete with management pressure and inter-union rivalry, raises question. Is this the first sign of a shift in power back to the workers as labour market condition tightens? And have managers become complacement in their attitudes to the workforce? The British Airways saga admittedly looks more of a throwback than a forward indicator. Most occupants of British boardrooms would vehemently reject charges of complacency or macho management. Yet there is evidence that business leaders are failing to carry employee with them as they continue to restructure. The standard rhetoric about `empowered` employee being vital corporate assets rings increasingly hollow. Consider recent data from International Survey Research (ISR), a leading consultant whose employee opinion survey covers 450 companies in 18 countries. Some finding in its survey, such as the free ââ¬âfall in feelings of employment security throughout Europe, are predictable enough. Nor is it surprising that stakeholders-type economics like Switzerland, Norway and the Netherlands tend to have the the most contented workforces. The UK`S ignominious position- second only to Hungary at the bottom of the league for employee satisfaction- will no doubt be dismissed as British workers enjoying a moan. And the fact that UK management is judged less favourably by employee than managers are rated elsewhere will prompt a similar response. Yet when ISR`s work is looked at over a period of years, it is easily brushed aside. Take the progressive year-on-year collapse in the morale of the UK workforce since 1990. The trend is odd because it defies the logic of the economic cycle. Recovery has brought deterioration, not improvement. Also odd is the workforceââ¬â¢s view of management, at the depths of the recession earlier in the decade, UK employee, though generally dissatisfied, were still taking quite a favourable view of the managers compared with the rest of the Europe. Today, despite a marked increased in the rate of UK earning growth, disillusionment appears total. The clue with the ISR survey published at the end of 1995.This revealed that workers attitudes had suffered `the most prepitate decline` of any European country over the previous 10 years. Motivation and commitment to the company were lower than in the strife-torn days of the mid-1970s. The timing is significant because this was the first survey after the notorious British Gas Annual General Meeting at which the investment institute sanctioned a much increased pay-package for Mr.Cedric Brown-this when profits were substantially below their five years earlier, customer service was deteriorating and employee were being shed in larger numbers. The message is clear enough. Far from being a little local difficulty in the privatised utilities, the `fat cat` pay saga had a much wider demoralising impact which is still being felt. It does not follow that British workers are about to the picket lines en masse. As long as insecurity is endemic, and the main legislative reforms of the past 18 years remain intact, the union will not resume their former mantle. Nor does the government of Mr Tony Blair, a personal friend of BA chief Executive , Mr Bob Ayling, appear keen to take an active role in the dispute at BA. There is also a wide spread view that employee satisfactions a key performance indicator. Yet survey feels dimishing loyalty. In effect a contract which views the employee as assets and a cost has an innate tension. If it operate operates against the back ground of ever widening pay differentials between shop floor and board, or runs into the BA style of management, it may become untenable. There is a growing recognition among economist that trust is a valuable commodity. At national level- as in the stakeholderââ¬â¢s economics metioned earlier- it can enhance growth. When it exists between the various stakeholders in a business it reduces transaction costs and enhances competitive advantage. If British business wants to achieve the highest standards of quality in internationally tradable products and services on a sustainable basis, it badly needs to absorb this lesson. Source-Financial times, 12 July 1997. Critically Analysing the meaning of Work, Motivation and Commitment Work organizations can be understood not only as environments in which people produce work, but also ââ¬Å"places where work produces peopleâ⬠. Hence, any discussion of what people want or need out of work (particularly paid employment) cannot be isolated from the context of that work environment. The experience of working in a particular organization can itself produce wants and needs in the worker. Unfortunately, the personality and the motivation theories described everywhere are based on much simpler models of human behaviour. These tend to view the person as possessing a certain set of psychological characteristics which are brought into work each day. The idea that these change through interaction with others in the organization is rarely touched on. Another aspect of the two-pronged approach to the analysis of Invidual`s behaviour by organizational psychological is a tendency to restrict the subject matter to more less quantifiable elements of behaviour and to those aspects of behaviour which are predictable and controllable from a managerial point of view. Ref: J martin Corbett Baritz,1960 and Hollway , 1991 and indeed, Thompson and McHugh (1990) argue that ââ¬Å"the true paradigm of the organizational psychologist is that of ensuring `effective resource use`: supplying advice, recourses and training which are aimed at assisting organization in efficiency managing the conflict and resistance which is a predictable consequence of hierarchically organised production.â⬠Ref: Baritz, L (1960) Servants of power, Middletown: Wesleyan University Press Hollway, W (1991) Work Psychology and Organizational Behaviour, London: sage Thompson, P. and McHugh, D. (1990) Work organizations: A Critical Introduction. London: Macmillan Employee Commitment: on becoming a torturer What kind of person becomes a torturer? For many people it would seem obvious that only psychopaths and cranks would wish to pursue such a career. Yet, torture is currently practised by one government in three and these governments experience little or difficulty in recruting torturers. Are there really sufficient numbers of sadist ready, able and willing to take on such a job, or are there other factors which contribute to the creation of a torturer? There is no hard evidence that torturers are psychopaths or sadist. On the contrary, there is evidence that such people are usually screened out during the selection and recruitment process. Thus, to some extent at least, torturers are selected and recruited from ordinary people: ââ¬Å"A deranged person who receives gratification primilary from feeling of power or from personally inflicting pain on other is usually too unreliable to be counted on by authorities to follow ordersâ⬠. Ref: J. Martin Corbett Based on the studies of torturers employed by the State during 1967-74 military dictatorship of Greece, the psychologist Haritos-Fatoutos argues that three situational factor foster the creation of a torturer, namely: training, incremental participation and socialisation, and economic and symbolic reward. Training The first phase of training involves group bonding and isolation from the outside world. In case of the torture, this is achieved by placing recruits in remote training camps and putting them through numerous initiation rites. Haritos- Fatoutos describe how the use of euphemism by the trainers helped Greek recruits reinterpret their behaviour. For example, ââ¬Å"tea partyâ⬠referred to a ââ¬Å"beating with fists and ââ¬Å"tea party with toastâ⬠described a ââ¬Å"beating with heavy wooden clubsâ⬠. The use of such euphemistic language is , of course, common practice in organizations to put a gloss on unpleasant reality- from the Nazi Partyââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Final Solutionâ⬠, through the CIAââ¬â¢s `executive action`, to the `downsizing ` and ` rationalisation` of contemporary business organizations. Training also requires the recruit to develop a world view that divides people into torturable and non-torturable. Through a programme of seminars the recruits comes to believe that the act of tortures is a defence of ââ¬Å"good ââ¬Å"values against the ââ¬Å"badâ⬠values. Recruits are trained to be loyal not only to the state but to the organization, which is semi-secret and will protect them. Ref: Haritos- Fatoutos, M. (1988) The official tortures: A learning model of obedience to authority of violence. Journal of applied social psychology, 18, 1107-1120. Incremental Socialisation Such a moral shift, or disengagement, is made easier by the gradual introduction of the recruits to the brutal act of torture. A typical process of incremental socialisation and desensitisation goes through the following chronological sequences: Recruits act as guards while other carry out torture. Recruits carry food to the prisoners in there cells Recruits fully participate fully in torture. Hence the recruits are pulled inexorably into the torturing process. Having gone through the first two steps in the socialisation process recruits find it very difficult to protest about the use of full torture as there have been corrupted by tacit acceptance of earlier (less extreme) examples of torture. Rewards Once fully socialised, obedient torturers benefit in both symbolic and economic ways. Training fosters in-group bias. The finding of numerous social psychological studies suggested that participation in strenuous initiation rites makes group membership more desirable. Ref: Haritos- Fatoutos, M. (1988) The official tortures: A learning model of obedience to authority of violence. Journal of applied social psychology, 18, 1107-1120. There are some more aspects which really effect of employee performance. Inter-group relations Individualââ¬â¢s allegiances to, and identification with, various social groups can have an important influences on their attitudes and behaviour. The notion of employee commitment can over-generalise the nature of such allegiances and hence overlook the fact that you can be committed to your work, to your collegues, to your department, to your occupation or to the company you work for. But these commitments will vary and will often conflict with each other. There are many groups within even the smallest of organizations. It is not only the varying degrees of commitment each group commands amongst its members that can have a significant impact on organizational functioning. The relations between these groups and the relative power each commands can be more curial in shaping organizational behaviour. Hence, a psychological analysis alone is insufficient to understand fully the complexities of inter-group relations. Organizational design and design The variety of ways in which organizational are structured and managed and how they change over time, provides the basis of much organizational behaviour research. Also it is the domain of almost all so-called ââ¬Å"Management Gurusâ⬠. For instance, Salaman (1983) observes that ââ¬Å"organizations are structure of controlâ⬠. Given that organizational structures include management and worker organization, control and reward systems, and job design, they clearly involve political issues, as well as decisions and strategic choices. Despite this, much of the conventional organizational behaviour literature on organizational structure and design concentrates, somewhat uncritically, on information flows, work structure, job design and cultures as entities designed and controlled by a management elite. Ref:-Salaman, G (1983) Class and the Corporation. London: Fontana. Technology and organization Scarborough and Corbett (1992) describes technology and organization as ââ¬Å"far from containing or controlling the technology process, the formal boundaries and managerial hierarchies of organization may themselves restructure by itâ⬠. Similarly, sole resources to a unilateral deskilling process (at a societal level), in which technology developed under capitalism inevitably leads to the deskilling and control of labour, does little to convey the uncertainties and interaction of the technology process, nor account for the key role played by Invidual`s and groups: Indeed, on occasion the transformational power of technological knowledge may escape the intentions of the powerful and undermines, and not simply reproduce, existing social and economic structures. To better understand technology and organization I think its good to go through this case study. Ref: Scarborough, H. and Corbett, J.M. (1992) Technology and Organization: Power, Meaning and Design. London: Routledge. Case study: New technology and the Skolt Lapplanders Introduced in the early 1960s, the snowmobile was adopted by the Skolt Lapp people to replace reindeer sleds as a means of transportation. This technology brought easier access to trading posts, more sophisticated health care and a more varied diet and recreation. Yet, within a few years the introduction of this technology had made a profound impact on the Skolt Lapp community. The Skolt Lapp community, like many traditional communities, was organised around a patriarchal power structure, so that the old man held all the positions of status and authority. However, unlike the younger members of the community, these man lacked the muscular strength and dexterity to ride and maintain the heavy snowmobiles. Given that the new technology symbolised progress and the promise of economic prosperity to many Lapps, this result in a decline in the status of the elders relative to the younger, stronger men. Of even greater significance, and as the snowmobiles replaced the reindeer sled as the dominant means of transportation, this status shift was accompanied by the decline in the importance of the `elders` knowledge and wisdom concerning the care and use of reindeer herds. Such a shift was encouraged all the more by the rapid drops in calf births that resulted from the effects of the frightening noise of the snowmobiles` engines on pregnant reindeers. Indeed, within 3 years, a majority of the domesticated reindeers herd had returned to the wild. The impact of this should not be under-estimated as for generations; the reindeers had been of great symbolic and cultural significance of the Skolt Lapps. Most important of all, the Skolt Lapplanders quickly found themselves dependent on outside suppliers of imported petroleum and spare parts for the snowmobiles. Also, many of the physically ill Lapps became psychologically (and sometimes physically) dependent on the constant supply of non-introduction of the snowmobiles. Thus, an apparently neutral technology brought about significant (and largely irreversible) cultural changes to a community. Ref: Scarborough, H. and Corbett, J.M. (1992) Technology and Organization: Power, Meaning and Design. London: Routledge. Egan, G. (1993) Quarantine. London: Legend Books Organizational Culture Culture as a concept has had a long and checked history. It has been used by the lay person as a word to indicate sophistication, as when we say that someone is very ââ¬Å"Culturedâ⬠. It has been used by anthropologists to refer to the customs and rituals that societies develop over the course of their history. In the last decade or so it has been used by some organizational researchers and managers to indicate the climate and practices that organizations develop around their handling of people or to refer to the espoused values and credo of an organization. A deeper understanding of cultural issues in groups and organizations is necessary to decipher what goes on in them but, even more important, to identify what may be the priority issues for leaders and leadership. Organizational cultures are created in part by leaders, and one of the most decisive functions of leadership is the creation, the management, and sometimes evens the destruction of culture. Ref:-Edgar H. Schein (1997) Organizational Culture and Leadership. John Wiley sons, Inc. A cross- cultural comparison of work values Numerous motivation theorist outline the importance of certain characteristics of work and the work environment in promoting job satisfication. But to what extend do the motivation theories of Maslow, Herzbed, Mc Clelland, Hackman and Oldham, etc. reflect what motivates a particular, possibly unique, sample of the working population, namely the average ââ¬Å"American employeeâ⬠. Can we really generalise such theories to the global working population? Mainstream organisational behaviour textbooks certainly imply as much. But if we cannot generalise from the US experience there are obvious implications for the human resources management policies of multi- national corporations and for international post-merger management. Ref: Maslow, A. (1971) The further reaches of human Nature. New York: Viking Press. Herzbed, P.G. (1976) Non- hierarchical organization vol-2. Harmondsworth: Penguin. In 1989, Don Elizur and colleagues was to collect data by questionnaire from samples of managers and employee from a variety of countries. The average sample size was 285. The author owns UK sample comprised 148 respondents. The age range and gender mix of the samples were similar. The questionnaire was designed to represent the major perspectives outlined by basic theories of motivation. 24 items were selected and respondents were asked to indicate for each item the extent to which it is important. (using response categories ranging from ââ¬Å"very unimportantâ⬠to ââ¬Å"very importantâ⬠). The items included the following. Job interest, to do work which is interesting to you. Achievements in work. Advancement, opportunities for promotion Self-esteem, that you are valued as a person Use of ability and knowledge in your work Job security, permanent job Autonomy, independence in work. Supervisor, a fair and considerate boss. Pay, the amount of money you receive Co-workers, fellow workers who are pleasant and agreeable. This selection of items is listed in tables. They also indicate the survey results from the US, the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, Taiwan, Korea, Hungary and China. The major similarities and difference between these work population samples can be more clearly comprehended by considering the rank order of the item based on the managerial distributions as represented in table. So we see, for example, that interesting work was considered to be the most important work values by respondents from the US, Germany, and the Netherlands. Yet the same items were considered to be much less important from the point of the Hungarian and Chinese respondents. Also, interesting cross-cultural disparities are in evidence for the last three items; good boss, good pay and friendly co-workers. Table: Rank ordering of work values for a sample of eight countries USA UK Germany Netherland Taiwan Korea Hungary China Interesting work 1 2 1 1 2 3 6 5 Achievements 2 6 7 2 1 1 2 1 Advancements 3 7 10 5 4 7 10 6 Self-esteem 4 5 9 9 3 9 7 3 Use abilities 5 4 6 6 8 4 5 2 Autonomy 6 9 5 4 7 10 9 4 Job security 7 8 4 8 5 2 8 10 Good boss 8 10 3 7 6 6 1 7 Good pay 9 3 8 10 10 8 4 9 Co-workers 10 1 2 3 9 5 3 8 Ref:- Elizur , D.,Borg, I., Hunt, R. and Beck, I. K. (1989) The structure of work values: A cross-cultural comparasion.`journal of Organizational Behaviour, 12,21-30 Conclusion It is a truism to claim that people are an organisational resource -indeed, for some organisations, they are the key resource, without which the organisation would be unable to deliver any meaningful product or service to its customers. Like any resource, however, people may be used wastefully: they may be employed at well below their potential, performing tasks which do not stretch their capabilities and which are ultimately alienating in their psychological impact on the employees involved. Alternatively, people may be managed and led in ways which inspire them to be highly motivated and to demonstrate long-term commitment to both their roles and the organisation which employs them. When this is achieved, the performance of its people becomes a major differentiator for the organisation and a source of long-term competitive strength. wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-16600519053912899502020-01-17T16:47:00.001-08:002020-01-17T16:47:03.629-08:00Ophelia Talks BackBased on Margaret Tattoo's ââ¬ËGertrude Talks Back' Why yes I do believe I am fair, and I don't need you to confirm it. Honey you were never invited to my wedding. God has given me one face, and I can do whatever the hell I please with it, thank you very much. Frankly you could do with a little heavy foundation and a wig yourself; it might Just conceal the premature balding and all the frown lines you've accumulated from moping. You looked like a tired old man some days. It totally screwed me over.Get thee to a friary. Clearly you're the one lacking in morals. I know you were cut about losing your dad, but there was no excuse to go stab mine. You careless little bastard. To be or not to beâ⬠¦ Oops, ha, I Just killed Polonium. I beg thy pardon. You may not lay your disheveled, deluded head in my lap. I don't want the grease stains from what's left of the hair on your head on my dress. Creep. And I've got more thoughts lying between my legs than you were ever able to resolve and brood over in your lifetime.You were terrible in bed. I've got more resolve, you see. Yes, I did kill myself seeing as you weren't planning on taking your last bow any time soon. Alas my attempt to escape from you and your contemptible sex failed when you and Alerter dived into my grave and started wrestling each other; proving no peace even in death. Men. And now you're claiming forty thousand brothers could not match your love for me. A far cry from Act 3. Well, Hamlet. I'd say make up your mind, butâ⬠¦ It's already a little late for that. wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-20009248267390691092020-01-09T13:10:00.001-08:002020-01-09T13:10:03.022-08:00Impact Of The Financial Crisis On The United States The impact of the financial crisis in 2008 is so far , it has resulted in various industries have revived a shock, even many large companies have been forced into bankruptcy.Inflation is a result of the decline in the quality of life, the weakening of people s ability to pay. The outbreak of the financial crisis from the United States and then spread to the world,so this essay analyzes the reason of the US financial crisis, it is equally applicable to the countries in the world and take warning,that is the lack of supervision of financial institutions in the United States. The United States has been advocating free trade, the government has been the market to take the lowest intervention policies to maximize the competition of various financial institutions, which led to the establishment of the United States with a large flexible economic system. However, the lack of supervision of the financial institutions will growing greed, so the financial system exist the inevitable loopholes. Before 2008, many American banks and financial institutions ignored the rules and risks of mortgage loans, and the packaging of securities to promote the outbreak of the financial crisis.In America s sub-prime mortgage,sub-prime mortgages in the United States, Some financial institutions ignore risk and used mortgage securitization as investment opportunities.They reduce the credit threshold for all borrowers, which led to the systemic risk increased of banks, financial and investmentShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Global Financial Crisis On The United States Essay1028 Words à |à 5 PagesIntroduction The Global Financial Crisis, also known as The Great Recession, broke out in the United States of America in the middle of 2007 and continued on until 2008. There were many factors that contributed to the cause of The Global Financial Crisis and many effects that emerged, because the impact it had on the financial system. The Global Financial Crisis started because of house market crash in 2007. There were many factors that contributed to the housing market crash in 2007. These factorsRead MoreSubprime Mortgage Crisis : An Example Of A Financial Crisis1324 Words à |à 6 PagesQuestion1. Subprime mortgage crisis is an example of a financial crisis that affected global markets worldwide. Give another example of a financial crisis in your discussions below. The subprime mortgage financial crisis which happened in 2008 to 2009.this crisis leaves the world in frightened. Therefore financial economy is totally unable to regain on the same situation. However to control the economy crisis and to avoid in the future for such situation we need to review and need to avoid thisRead MoreImpact of Financial Crisis on Gulf Area Essay1732 Words à |à 7 PagesThe global financial crisis that was experienced in 2007/2008 affected many nations of the world. Some countries such as America and most European countries were hard hit since they were directly affected by the crisis. Other countries especially those in Asia and Africa were not adversely affected as they were not directly hit by the crisis. This crisis started in the United States after the housing bubble busted. Although the bursting of the housing bubble was the main cause of the crisis, there wereRead MoreThe Effect of Recent Financial Crisis and Regulatory Implications in Asia1532 Words à |à 7 Pagesdue to lack of education. Now on the larger scale is the impact on the institutional level of the global financial crisis. The financial crisis began in United States in 2007 and spread to other countries. The crisis was triggered by a liquidity shortfall in United States banking system and resulted to the collapse of financial institutions. Asia is one major continent in which the recent financial crisis had spread. The impact of the crisis had far reaching effects on the economy of Asia than manyRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Lehman Brothers1638 Words à |à 7 PagesThe global financial crisis of 2008 that reeked havoc on most of the financial institutions had them fall into liquidation and bankruptcy. One of the most popular and most debated incident was the failure of the Lehman Brothers. The Lehman Brothers were a leading US investment bank that was worth $600 billion (Dââ¬â¢Arcy). The global financial crisis prompted Lehman Brothers to close its leading subprime lender (BNC Mortages) in 23 locations (). The closing of these locations were so aggressive thatRead MoreThe Financial Crisis : Rescue Efforts855 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Financial Crisis: Rescue Efforts Throughout the early 2000ââ¬â¢s, relaxed lending regulations and lowered interest rates sparked the growth of the securitization of subprime mortgages. In order to increase profit and revenue, a number of financial institutions became heavily involved in the process of securitizing the loans. When house prices began to fall in 2006, homeowner delinquencies and foreclosures increased causing many institutions to become overleveraged. As a result, the destabilizationRead MoreThe contemporary Great Recession and the global financial crisis1032 Words à |à 5 Pagessubprime crisis in 2007 that it is commonly believed to have led to the Great recession and to the present global financial crisis, these issues have been subject to much research. In fact, no one can claim that the Great Recession and the global financial crisis have been under-researched. In fact, the new world recession has been analysed from different angles and perspectives. Historians, economists, financial experts , psychologists, anthropologists and other experts in academic, financial, economicRead MoreIdentify the Resources, Capabilities and Distinctive Competencies of Starbucks1427 Words à |à 6 Pages THE IMPACT OF CRISIS IN EUROPE ON BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS A crisis could be defined as anything that knows a decline during a long or short period. In here we are meaning a decrease in the economic and financial activity of a country. An economic crisis could be first caused by subprime banking. For example, in authors view, the financial crisis (2008) was primarily driven by two factors. First, investorââ¬Ës and financial institutions generally did not expect thatRead MoreThe Impacts of Dubais Financial Crisis658 Words à |à 3 PagesDubai Financial Crisis: Dubai is usually described as a city or country despite in its own right though its a constituent member of the United Arab Emirates that has six other emirates. The emirate experienced a huge financial crisis that had a huge impact on several economies across the globe as reported by analysts. The financial crisis was characterized by the governments inability to refinance massive debts that was taken by Dubai World, its largest owned company. The major impact of theRead MoreThe 2008 Financial Crisis Essay1326 Words à |à 6 Pagesintroduction The 2008 financial crisis led to a sharp increase in mortgage foreclosures primarily subprime leading to a collapse in several mortgage lenders. Recurrent foreclosures and the harms of subprime mortgages were caused by loose lending practices, housing bubble, low interest rates and extreme risk taking (Zandi, 2008). Additionally, expert analysis on the 2008 financial crisis assert that the cause was also due to erroneous monetary policy moves and poor housing policies. The federal government wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-44122512011761657272020-01-01T09:36:00.001-08:002020-01-01T09:36:03.884-08:00Essay about Sub-Saharan Africa - 1833 Words Sub-Saharan Africa Africa is the second largest of the earths seven continents, covering about twenty-two percent of the worlds total land area. From its northern most point, to its southern most tip is the distance of nearly five thousand miles. Africa is both north and south of the equator. The Atlantic Ocean is located west of the continent, and the Indian Ocean is on the east. Width of the continent is also nearly five thousand miles. Although Africa is so large, much of it is inhabitable. Desert soils, which have little organic content, cover large areas. The Sahara Desert, in the northern part, covers more than one fourth of Africa, and the Kalahari Desert is in the southern part of the continent. These two deserts are aâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Most are relatively infertile due to mineral leaching from heavy rainfall and high temperatures. Achieving effective control of the water supply is a major problem. Many areas suffer low rainfall and must store water as insurance against delayed rains. Other areas have an overabundance of water, causing swamps to exist. Large areas suffer from periodic flooding. In recent years, progress has been made in the area of dams and reservoirs. With the continents large rivers and waterways, Africa has probably the most potential for hydroelectric power in the world. However, the economic and the political standing of the region are not in a position to take advantage of this natural asset. Africas people are divided not only by country, but also by religion, race, and class. The Sahara also serves as a vast barrier between the people of northern Africa and those of sub-Saharan Africa. South of the Sahara, Negroid peoples, which constitute about seventy percent of the population, predominate. Primarily concentrated in southern Africa, are some five million people of European descent. Europeans began to appear in Africa in the last half of the nineteenth century. Even though they were small in number they had a lasting impact on the African way of life. Their purpose in Africa was for raw materials for their industries, naval bases, new markets, investments and their ever present quest for newShow MoreRelatedThe Epidemic Of Sub Saharan Africa855 Words à |à 4 PagesThe world as a whole should be mortified by what is happening in Sub-Saharan Africa. In places like Swaziland, Botswana, Lesotho poverty, crime and systematic corruption are the tinder for the fire that is t he HIV epidemic in Africa. Of the 35 million people living with HIV in the world, 19 million do not know their HIV-positive status. Adolescent girls and young women account for one in four new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa. Women are much more vulnerable to HIV, tuberculosis and hepatitisRead MoreThe Migration Of Sub Saharan Africa Essay1948 Words à |à 8 PagesZack Kasmaouy Every year, thousands of Sub Saharan Africans trek through the dangerous journey north to attempt to get into Europe. These people emigrate from some of the poorest nations in the entire world seeking a longer, higher quality life. These migrants are escaping a life expectancy of only 47 years and a population growth almost four times that of Europe and HIV rates almost nineteen times that of Europe. They seek a better life not only them, but their families as well, looking for higherRead MoreThe Poaching Of The Sub Saharan Africa1094 Words à |à 5 PagesAnimals in Sub-Saharan Africa and its Effects on the Locals and the Economy Introduction Topic: The poaching of animals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Thesis: The illegal activity of killing animals in Sub-Saharan Africa has caused many short and long terms affects for this continent. Importance: This is important because poaching has affected the local people, the environment, and the economy and will continue for future generations. Topic Sentence: Trafficking animals in Sub-Saharan Africa has greatlyRead MoreDeveloping Sub Saharan Africa Essay1158 Words à |à 5 PagesSome of the worldââ¬â¢s poorest countries, with some of the highest child labor and illiteracy rates lie in Sub Saharan Africa. People generally associate the region only with poor economic conditions and all of the social disorder that goes along with 3rd World Status. While some of this reputation is deserved, many people are also failing to see the vast potential for this part of the world. There are several factors that African governments should look into if they want to effectively and efficientlyRead MoreCultural Awareness Of Sub-Saharan Africa1069 Words à |à 5 Pagesessay will elaborate on the physical geography and military history of Sub-Saharan Africa, an analysis of its weather, and an overview of the ASCOPE acronym. Sub-Saharan Africa refers to the diverse landscape of more than 50 countries of Africa, which are south of the Sahara Desert. There are over nine million square miles of valleys, plateaus, and mountains in this region of Africa. Because of the prevalence of plateaus, Africa has been nicknamed the ââ¬Å"continent of plateausâ⬠. Between the plateausRead MoreEducation And Lack Of Sub Saharan Africa Essay1546 Words à |à 7 Pages Education (or Lack Thereof) in Sub Saharan Africa Priscilla Shriner Ottawa University Education, or Lack Thereof, in Sub Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is the second largest of the earth s seven continents, covering about twenty-two percent of the world s total land area. From its northern most point, to its southern most tip is the distance of nearly five thousand miles (Frederickson Fossberg, 2014). As a result of poverty and marginalization, more than 72 million children aroundRead MoreClimate Change Of Sub Saharan Africa Essay2335 Words à |à 10 Pagesvariations in rainfall patterns and temperature adversely impacts the economic and social survival of the majority of the population in Africa and particularly in sub Saharan Africa. Water resources, agriculture (crop production and animal husbandry), health, ecosystems and biodiversity, forestry and coastal zones are the most vulnerable areas or sectors to climate change in Africa. These are the major sources of livelihood for millions of the continentââ¬â¢s rural poor. Climate change remains a major threat forRead MoreHiv / Aids Throughout Sub Saharan Africa Essay2196 Words à |à 9 Pagesto the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the majority of people in the world living with HIV/AIDS reside in Sub-Saharan Africa. Since there is currently no vaccine to prevent the spread of the infection, there have been countle ss attempts in the past to control the spread of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. There are multiple ways of infection spread in Sub-Saharan Africa. People are contracting the disease through, drug use, sexual relations, giving birth, and blood-to-blood contact. WithRead MoreContrasting Growth Experience of China and Sub Saharan Africa3176 Words à |à 13 Pagestheories of growth and development, explain the contrasting growth experience of China and Sub Saharan Africa post 1980. Economic growth, put simply, is ââ¬Å"an increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head of the population over a period of timeâ⬠; development is inextricably linked with this economic growth. By utilising theories of economic growth and development we can see how the Chinese and Sub-Saharan African economies have emerged, but, more notably, we can use these to look at patternsRead MoreAid to Africa: A Review of the Efficacy of International Aid to Sub-Saharan Africa1695 Words à |à 7 Pagespoured into Sub-Saharan Africa over the past century in an effort to propel development, Africa remains by far the poorest continent in the world. Failure has arisen from the problematic nature of the administration of the aid. Traditionally, aid has come in the form of military aid, and large international financial transactions. Although these forms of aid have overall failing track records, targeted developmental assistance has been historically successful. In order to pull Africa out of poverty wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-35219238517678044872019-12-24T05:22:00.001-08:002019-12-24T05:22:04.097-08:00, Allusion, And Symbolism In The Tyger By William Blake In the poem ââ¬Å"The Tygerâ⬠by William Blake, the use of rhyme, repetition, allusion, and symbolism all help the reader understand the theme and what was going through the authors thoughts while writing. William Blake was a mystic poet who channeled his thoughts and questions to write poems. He questioned the creator of both the Tyger and lamb, how could the same God create a destructive creature like the Tyger and on the other hand create a gentle animal, the lamb. This ties into the theme of the poem of how a God could and would create a monster like the Tyger. The first line in the poem says, ââ¬Å"Tyger Tyger, burning bright.â⬠By Blake repeating the word Tyger twice, it feels to the reader as if we are speaking directly to the tiger. Theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In this poem, each stanza is made up of two couplets. These couplets because of their steady going rhyme, reminds the reader of the Tygerââ¬â¢s heartbeat, beating as we say the words as Blake intended them to be read. Blake states what words he thinks are the most important to the poem by using repetition. Repetition plays a key role, for example the word ââ¬Å"dreadâ⬠is repeated many times throughout the poem, particularly in lines 12 and 15. Every time Blake repeats this word it adds emphasis to the word or phrase its used in, contributing to the image of the Tyger in each readers mind. Allusion is also an important part of this poem because of the way the author uses it to connect to the outside works that may also encourage the reader to think in a certain way that goes along with the themes of the poem. The first allusion, found in lines 7 and 8, are to the Greek gods Icarus and Prometheus. This allusion requires the readers to think about gods and religion, which is a major part of the theme of this poem. Another allusion I see is in line 20, which refers to another one of Blakeââ¬â¢s poems, ââ¬Å"The Lamb.â⬠This allusion is significant because the speaker asks, ââ¬Å"Did he who made the Lamb make thee?â⬠(20) And he wonders whether or not the same creator who made something so gentle and pure could also make such an evil animal. The allusion itself brings the reader to think about the other poems and to contrast the two completelyShow MoreRelatedWilliam Blake s The Lamb And The Tyger873 Words à |à 4 Pagesduring biblical times. William Blake describes the young sheep in similar characteristics in the poem ââ¬Å"The Lambâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The Tygerâ⬠. A tiger as we know its characteristics to be is fierce and mysterious. Always lurking around, waiting for the perfect opportunity to strike. In William Blakeââ¬â¢s two separate poems he ties each of the poems together with in-depth understanding and symbolism. Both animals play an important part in both of Blakeââ¬â¢s poems. The use of the lamb in William Blakeââ¬â¢s poem is significantRead MoreThe Tyger By William Blake Essay969 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Tyger is a six-stanza poem written by an American poet, William Blake. This poem has many interpretation, in a way you could say it is a biblical as well as a symbolic poem, as ââ¬ËThe Tygerââ¬â¢ is actually the contrast to one of Blake s other poem, The Lamb, both poems are from the book of ââ¬Å"Songs of Innocence and Experienceâ⬠. If you are familiar with the Christian Bible, it states ââ¬Å"Jesus is the Lamb of God.â⬠The Tyger is comprised of unanswered questions as to who could have created a terrifyingRead MoreThe Lamb and the Tyger Essay1437 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Tyger and The Lamb by William Blake, written in 1794 included both of these poems in his collection Songs of Innocence and Song of Experience, takes readers on a journey of faith. Through a cycle of unanswered questions, William Blake motivates the readers to qu estion God. These two poems are meant to be interpreted in a comparison and contrast. They share two different perspectives, those being innocence and experience. To Blake, innocence is not better than experience. Both states haveRead MoreEssay on The Symmetry: A World with Both Lamb and Tiger1063 Words à |à 5 Pages Why did God create both gentle and fearful creatures? Why did God create a world with bloodshed, pain and terror? The Tyger by William Blake, written in 1794 and included in his collection Songs of Innocence and Experience, takes readers on a journey of faith. Through a cycle of unanswered questions, William Blake motivates the readers to question God. Blake sees a necessity for balance in the world, and suggests to the readers that God created a world with a balance of good and evil soRead MoreWilliam Blake s The Tyger And The Lamb 940 Words à |à 4 PagesThough the ages many writers have come and gone, and with them brought many ideas or viewpoints on life and the human soul. Undoubtedly, William Blake was indeed one of those monumental writers who paved the way for new thinking. A thinking of the human soul and two intricate parts that join to fulfill a soul. Both pairs of the soul are illustrated in both The Tyger and The Lamb. Both poems being commonly referred to as staples of poetry, can allude to different ideas. Man believe they deal with theRead MoreThe Innocence of Lamb in Songs of Innocence by William Blake615 Words à |à 3 PagesSongs of Innocence by William Blake collocates the naà ¯ve lives of children and loss of innocence of adults, with moral Christian values and how religion has the capacity to promote cruelty and prejudice. Blake was born in 1757, up to and after the French Revolution he wrote many works criticizing enlightened rationalism and instead focused on intellectual ideas that avoided institutionalization and propelled ethical and moral order. Blakeââ¬â¢s collection of poem exposes and explores the val ues and limitationsRead More Coexistence of Contrary States in Blakeââ¬â¢s The Tyger Essay1883 Words à |à 8 PagesCoexistence of Contrary States in Blakeââ¬â¢s The Tyger Since the two hundred years that William Blake has composed his seminal poem The Tyger, critics and readers alike have attempted to interpret its burning question - Did he who made the Lamb make thee? Perhaps best embodying the spirit of Blakeââ¬â¢s Songs of Experience, the tiger is the poetic counterpart to the Lamb of Innocence from Blakeââ¬â¢s previous work, Songs of Innocence. Manifest in The Tyger is the key to understanding its identity andRead MoreEssay on The Message Behind A Poison Tree1077 Words à |à 5 PagesWilliam Blake was a first generation Romantic poet. He lived a long life in which he wrote a copious amount of poetry (Eaves). Blake was also a painter. This aided Blakeââ¬â¢s advancing symbolism; he could paint a lovely picture with his words (Eaves). The poem that I have analyzed is A Poison Tree. Blake strategically placed imagery and personification to hide his underlying truth; do not store up anger because horrible situations will arise. At first glanc e the poem seems hate filled and that he justRead MoreSongs of Good and Evil1545 Words à |à 7 Pagesall describe William Blakeââ¬â¢s life (Greenblatt, Abrams, Lynch, Stillinger). Blake was born November 28, 1757 in London, England and his artistic ability became evident in his early years. Blake had a very simple upbringing and had little education. His formal education was in art and at the age of fourteen he entered an apprenticeship with a well-known engraver who taught Blake his skills in engraving. In Blakeââ¬â¢s free time, he began reading writing poetry. At the age of twenty-one, Blake completed hisRead MoreReading Between the Lines Essays914 Words à |à 4 PagesWilliam Blakeââ¬â¢s poem ââ¬Å"The Lambâ⬠is a simplistic poem until you read deeper into it and find a powerful and uplifting religious message about creation. Blake is able to draw people into his poem by having a young innocent child as the speaker, asking rhetorical questions to a lamb. Although he also throws irony into the second stanza by having the young child answer his own questions, asked in the first stanza. The poem has a tone so sweet and soft that it is not offensive in any means and is not wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-78505852219427057952019-12-16T01:52:00.001-08:002019-12-16T01:52:04.786-08:00The newly theory of educationalists Free Essays string(179) " much of the research is frequently focused on certain facets and much of it is used for college pupils, high school pupils or secondary school pupils and seldom used for simple\." Harmonizing the freshly theory of educationists at place and aboard said that the best age to larn L2 is from 4 to 12 year-old. During these times, most kids have entered simple school. Therefore, it is an indispensable for simple school pupils to put up English lesson, which has become a tendency in most metropoliss in China including their rural topographic points. We will write a custom essay sample on The newly theory of educationalists or any similar topic only for you Order Now And the National Ministry of Education issued a papers, which said that bit by bit offer English class in simple school from Grade Three, in 2001. In this new course of study criterion, emotional factors in instruction and acquisition are listed in the top topographic point for the ground that linguistic communication acquisition can non go from the emotion. 1.1 The importance of survey students ââ¬Ë anxiousness There are legion grounds for believing that the influence of anxiousness is really of import in 2nd linguistic communication ( L2 ) acquisition. First, anxiousness is by and large seen as a psychological construct and has been explored by research workers. Spielberg ( 1966 ) defines anxiousness as subjective, consciously sensed feelings of apprehensiveness and tenseness, accompanied by or associated with activation or rousing of the autonomic nervous system. Gardner and MacIntyre ( 1993 ) think, linguistic communication larning anxiousness is the tense and awe emotion in L2 context ( including speech production, listening, reading and composing ) . This anxiousness is connected straight with public presentation in the mark linguistic communication, so non simply a general public presentation anxiousness. Second, students ââ¬Ë character has specialness in L2 for they are at advantage in L2 larning. They are characterized by good stimulation, memory and version. Those who begin to larn L2 at an early age are able to do greater accomplishment than those who begin to larn when they are grownups. However, students may hold some disadvantages in L2: undeveloped intelligence, deficiency of self-denial and could non know apart mistakes from their equals and even their instructors with low learning quality and narrow cognition. Besides, different emotion has different impact on L2 acquisition. Harmonizing the research of Eills ( 2000 ) students who are motivated by promotive anxiousness could dispute the new undertaking, arouse their possible and overcome troubles, therefore they get L2 larning success. In contrast, negative emotions and attitudes, such as the psychological science of inordinate pendency, timidness and introvertive personality, particularly anxiousness, will act upon L2 ac quisition and merely receive litter input. ââ¬Å" Anxiety tends to non successful L2 acquisition â⬠( Arnoldi2000, p.292 ) . Third, students ââ¬Ë emotion, American psychological linguists Krashen ââ¬Ës 5th premise, is involved the procedure of linguistic communication acquisition and filters linguistic communication input merely like a protection screen commanding the input variables and inhaled measure that they could touch. Therefore, anxiousness, as a negative emotion factor, badly affects simple pupils ââ¬Ë motive in English acquisition. Krashen ( 1982 ) besides clearly indicates that students ââ¬Ë emotional filtering device through impacting its input variables. Thus the higher acquisition anxiousness, the more the input prevented by the affectional filter device which leads to linguistic communication learning failure ( Krashen, 1985 ) . Spielberg ( 1996 ) surveies show that 20 % pupils give up because of anxiousness and although 6 % of them is merely mild anxiousness. By understanding the correlativity between the linguistic communication anxiousness ( LA ) and English speech production proficiency of students, instructors can assist cut down the pupils ââ¬Ë degree of LA and bring forth better acquisition effects in the low-anxiety 1eaming environment. It is hoped that the findings will pull instructors ââ¬Ë attending to pupils ââ¬Ë tilting demands and acknowledge what and why students like to make in classroomi?Z The concluding and necessary significance is to acquire the pedagogical solutions based on writer ââ¬Ës research and cognize how to supply a low dying environment for the pupils and do them larn English more expeditiously and happy. 1.2 The background of researching students ââ¬Ë anxiousness Anxiety plays a nucleus in linguistic communication acquisition. Decreasing the negative consequence of anxiousness and sensible use of anxiousness have become indispensable parts of L2 larning. Therefore, students ââ¬Ë anxiousness has now drawn much attending from both linguists and linguistic communication instructors. In other words the importance of students ââ¬Ë anxiousness has received more and more attending in the past 20 old ages or so. From late 1970s to 1980s, some bookmans showed their concerns about affectional spheres. Many theories such as Krashen ââ¬Ës proctor theoretical account discuss the important function of affectional variables. In Krashen ââ¬Ës theoriesithe good known affectional filter hypothesis describes the relationship between affectional factors and L2 acquisition. The natural attack by Krashen and Terrell ( 1983 ) is an case, which is designed to assist novices go intermediates. It provides comprehendible input to scholars by following different sorts of techniques and activities. Bailey ( 1983 ) analyzed that the LA is caused by competition, scrutiny and interpersonal relationship between instructors and students. Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope ( 1986 ) were the first to handle foreign LA separate and distinguishable phenomenon peculiar to linguistic communication acquisition. Since 1990s, researches into anxiousness survey began bit by bit have become a focal point of present survey. MacIntyre wrote, in 1999, that ââ¬Å" the term foreign LA, or more merely LA, was merely get downing to be used in the literature â⬠. Trait anxiousness has been improved to impact cognitive functioningidisrupt memory, lead to avoidance behaviour and some other effects ( MacIntyre A ; Gardner 1991 a ) . Gardner and MacIntyre stated that the strongest ( negative ) correlative of linguistic communication accomplishment is anxiousness ( 1993 ) . Studies show the negative correlativity of anxiousness with the undermentioned: self-esteem, i.e. , the judgement of one ââ¬Ës ain worth ( Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope 1 986 ; Price 1991 ; Scarcella and Oxford 1 992 ) Since now, Chinese bookmans besides begin to concentrate on anxiousness in acquisition and instruction. Liu Meihua and Shen Mingbo ( 2004 ) pointed out that there were two sorts of anxiousness in English schoolroom: trait anxiousness and environment anxiousness. Both of them influenced the pupils ââ¬Ë unwritten English public presentation negatively. Zhang Baoyan ( 1996 ) made a research on the correlativity between LA and listening proficiency among 40 Chinese college pupils. However, much of the research is frequently focused on certain facets and much of it is used for college pupils, high school pupils or secondary school pupils and seldom used for simple. You read "The newly theory of educationalists" in category "Essay examples" Over the past old ages, there were legion surveies on students ââ¬Ë anxiousness of L2, but most of them focused on either college degree ( Aida, 1994 ; Ganschow et a1. , 1994 ) or high school degree ( Chang, 1999 ; Ganschow A ; Sparks 1996 ; Liao 1999 ) . Few of them paid attending to primary school degree except the survey of Chan and Wu ( 2000 ) . The anxiousness is closely related with students ââ¬Ë motive in English acquisition. The proper anxiousness could imitate students to get the better of troubles and to prosecute deeper cognition, while inordinate anxiousness work stoppages pupils simulations of English acquisition. In the facet of encouragement, the congratulations is able to imitate immature scholars ââ¬Ë larning involvement and positive emotion, give rise to and so beef up larning motive and eventually do them take enterprises and to develop their accomplishments and abilities. In a word, encouragement could decrease students ââ¬Ë anxiousness in L2. And this English acquisition tide is farther encouraged by an of import II Problems of Teaching and Learning English Existing in simple Schools The fact that English has become one of the focal points of kids instruction in China is undeniable. However there are several jobs still at that place. 2.1 Problems from facets of English instruction From the ââ¬Å" instruction â⬠facet: 1 ) LA in learning is non adequate solid. The New Curriculum Criteria enhances learning ends, taking at spoken linguistic communication, unit of ammunition grammar applying, vocabulary memorizing and all the ends which can better the simple school pupils ââ¬Ë public presentation in larning English. Hence some of the instructors neglect the importance of students ââ¬Ë LA. 2 ) The positive influence of anxiousness has been looked down. Most instructors think any anxiousness is negative in learning. However, the proper anxiousness helps to hike students ââ¬Ë motive on English acquisition, which is good for instructor to take advantage of this positive influence to imitate students ââ¬Ë involvement. 2.2 Problems from facets of English acquisition From the ââ¬Å" acquisition â⬠facet, 1 ) Elementary school ââ¬Ës English has no scrutiny force per unit area of come ining a higher school. The individual rating instrument leads to the deficiency of pupils ââ¬Ë motive to larn. Many pupils merely interested in larning for a piece, and with the addition of analyzing trouble, the more learning, the more hard. Gradually they lose their acquisition involvements and make a sense of failure, therefore lose the assurance in larning English. 2 ) As instructors neglect to pay their attending to students ââ¬Ë anxiousness, consequence in instructors ââ¬Ë taking vocabulary, grammar for their chief instruction undertakings. It does non suit the psychological features and larning features of students. 3 ) Class limited. Since merely three hours of a hebdomad, students ââ¬Ë anxiousness aroused from the category could non be fleet lessened in category, therefore they begin to mistrust their capableness for L2, which draw them experience a weary of L2. III Language anxiousness 3.1 Definition of linguistic communication anxiousness Language anxiousness ( LA ) can be defined as the fright or apprehensiveness happening when a scholar is expected to execute in the 2nd or foreign linguistic communication ( Gardner A ; MacIntyre 1993 ) or the concern and negative emotional reaction when acquisition or utilizing a 2nd linguistic communication ( L2 ) ( MacIntyre 1999 ) . The literature on affectional variables in L2 acquisition shows that anxiousness is one of the cardinal factors in L2 acquisition. Although anxiousness plays an of import function in L2 acquisition, research has non produced a consensus refering that function. The inconsistent findings suggest that anxiousness is a complex concept, as is its map in L2 acquisition. Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope ( 1986 ) were the first to handle foreign linguistic communication anxiousness as a separate and distinguishable phenomenon peculiar to linguistic communication acquisition ( Young, 1991 ) . At the clip, the term foreign linguistic communication anxiousness, or more merely linguistic communication LA, was merely get downing to be used in the literature ( MacIntyre, 1999 ) . LA is merely one of several types of anxiousness that have been identified by psychologists. In general, there are two attacks to description of LA: ( 1 ) LA may be viewed as a manifestation of other more general types of anxiousness. For illustration, test-anxious people may experience dying when larning a linguistic communication because they feel invariably tested or diffident people may experience uncomfortable of the demands of pass oning publically. ( 2 ) LA may be seen as a typical signifier of anxiousness expressed in response to linguistic communication acquisition. That is, something alone to the language-learning experience makes some persons nervous. 3.2 Types of linguistic communication anxiousness Scovel ( 1978 ) , establishing on the features of individuals with LA, divided LA into trait anxiousness ( that is the inclination of persons in footings of anxiousness and psychological features of personality ) , province anxiousness ( that is the pupils produced a minute of anxiousness ) and state of affairs specific anxiousness ( that refers to specific state of affairss, such as a peculiar minute in public statements, scrutinies, category engagement and other persons to see anxiousness ) , in which state-type anxiousness is the merchandise uniting trait anxiousness with state of affairs specific anxiousness. In L2 acquisition, the factor of trait anxiousness is less of import, while sometimes the function of province anxiousness is easing, and sometimes the function is enfeebling. Harmonizing the impact of LA on pupils, LA is divided into easing anxiousness and enfeebling anxiousness sing by Alpert and Harber. Generally speech production, easing anxiousness is associated with high acquisition and public presentation which can promote students to dispute themselves and new undertakings, self-regulating the force per unit area from LA, through imitating students to get the better of acquisition troubles, while enfeebling anxiousness is a sort of anxiousness that harms larning and public presentation, that is to state, enfeebling anxiousness leads a great trade of the negative consequence to students and forms a hinder of soaking up from L2 larning. Students who have enfeebling anxiousness may experience concern and self-double, they will cut down their engagement and create turning away of linguistic communication. Gardner and Maclntyre stated that the strongest ( negative ) correlative of linguistic communication accomplishment is anxiousness ( 1993 ) . Studies show the negative correlativity of anxiousness with the undermentioned: self-esteem, i.e. , the judgement of one ââ¬Ës ain worth ( Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope 1986 ; Price 1991 ; Scarcella and Oxford 1992 ) ; public presentation in speech production and composing undertakings ( Trylong 1987 ; Young 1986 ) ; assurance in linguistic communication acquisition ( Maclntyre and Gardner 1991 ; Gardner and Maclntyre 1993 ) ; classs in linguistic communication class ( Aida 1994 ; Horwitz 1986 ; Trylong 1987 ) ; proficiency trial public presentation ( Ganshow, Sparks, Anderson, Javorsky, Skinner and Patton 1994 ; Gardner, Ladonde, Moorcroft and Evers 1987 ) . The relationship between linguistic communication and linguistic communication public presentation is complex. Young ( 1991 ) explained that sometimes linguistic communication anxiousness is negatively related to one accomplishment and non another. Ganschow, Sparks, Anderson, Javorsky, Skiller and Patton ( 1994 ) suggested that high anxiousness might be a consequence of linguistic communication larning jobs instead than the cause. Some research workers suggested that linguistic communication anxiousness was really ââ¬Å" easing â⬠or ââ¬Å" helpful â⬠in some ways, such as maintaining pupils alert ( Scovel 1978 ) . Facilitating anxiousness has been shown in a few surveies related to: high linguistic communication proficiency and assurance among a hand-picked group of first-class linguistic communication scholars ( Ehrman and Oxford 1995 ) ; unwritten production of hard English constructions among native Arabic-speakers and Spanish-speakers ( Kleinmann 1977 ) ; good classs in linguistic communication categories for pupils in regular Gallic, German, and Spanish categories but non for pupils in audio linguistic categories ( Chastain 1975 ) . On the being of anxiousness ââ¬Ës helpfulness, linguistic communication research workers hold different positions. Horwitz ( 1990 ) suggested that anxiousness is merely helpful for really simple acquisition undertakings, but non with more complicated acquisition such as linguistic communication acquisition. Young Terrell ( 1992 ) interviewed Rardin, Omaggio Hadley and Krashen the experts of linguistic communication larning about the helpfulness of linguistic communication anxiousness. Rardin said that a positive facet of anxiousness operates all the clip, but we merely notice when a negative instability occurs. Omaggio Hadley responded that a certain sum of tenseness might be utile for linguistic communication acquisition, but she refused to name the tenseness ââ¬Å" anxiousness â⬠. Similarly, Terrell preferred to name such tenseness ââ¬Å" attending â⬠instead than ââ¬Å" anxiousness â⬠. Krashen contended that anxiousness is incapacitated to linguistic communi cation acquisition, but it might be helpful for the scholars in formal linguistic communication larning state of affairss. 3.3 Components of linguistic communication anxiousness Bailey ( 1983 ) considered the ground that gives rise to LA including competition, scrutiny, the relationship between instructor and scholars. Horwitz and her co-workers ( 1986 ) conceptualized the constituents of LA particularly L2 larning into three parts: communicating apprehensiveness, trial anxiousness, and fright of negative rating 3.3.1 Communication apprehensiveness Communication apprehensiveness is ââ¬Å" an person ââ¬Ës degree of fright or anxiousness associated with either existent or awaited communicating with another individual or individuals â⬠( McCroskey, 1982, p.27 ) . Harmonizing to this definition, the contents of LA are logically related to these of communicating apprehensiveness, because one of the most outstanding maps of linguistic communication is to pass on interpersonally. It is assumed that people who are communicatively discerning in their native linguistic communication will see even Beater anxiousness in talking L2. However, some people who are communicatively discerning in a L2 are non needfully apprehensive in their native linguistic communication. In fact, L2 communicating apprehensiveness is best predicted by native linguistic communication apprehensiveness. The Personal Report of Communication Apprehension ( PRCA ) , foremost developed by McCroskey in 1970, was revised in 1982 to a 24-item from which is used to measure grownups ââ¬Ë communicating apprehensiveness in four state of affairss, viz. , in dyad interpersonal conversation, group treatment, meetings and public speech production. In one article, McCroskey proposed that the cogency of a step was best predicted by the consistence between empirical consequences and hypotheses of experiments based upon theories associating to the concept of the step. He summarized surveies which employed the PRCA as a step of communicating apprehensiveness harmonizing to the five proposition of communicating apprehensiveness theory. These five propositions were: 1. Peoples vary in the grade to which they are discerning about unwritten communicating with other people. 2. Peoples with high unwritten communicating apprehensiveness seek to avoid unwritten communicating. 3. Peoples with high unwritten communicating apprehensiveness engage in less unwritten communicating than make less orally discerning people. 4. When people with high unwritten communicating apprehensiveness do pass on, their unwritten communicating behaviour differs from that of people who are less discerning. 5. As a consequence of their unwritten communicating behaviour, extremely communicatively discerning people are perceived less positively by others than are less discerning people ( McCroskey 1978 ) . The PRCA conducted harmonizing to four types of communicating apprehensiveness which were the most obvious types an person encountered in the communicating contexts ( McCroskey, 1982 ) . Trait-Like Communication Apprehension is the first type which experienced by many individuals in a instead general province across all communicating contexts. Generalized-Situation Communication Apprehension which represents communicating apprehensiveness in a individual generalised context is the 2nd type. For case, one individual may be extremely discerning in one state of affairs, for illustration public speech production, but may see less anxiousness in other state of affairss as little group treatment. The 3rd type is Person-Group Communication Apprehension which involves an orientation of the single toward communicating with a specific individual or group of individuals under whatever fortunes the communicating took topographic point. Situation Communication Apprehension is the 4th type, it com bines those apprehension orientations above which happened to the person while pass oning with given single or groups, in a given clip and context. 3.3.2 Test anxiousness Test anxiousness is, ââ¬Å" the inclination to go alarmed about the effects of unequal public presentation on a trial or other rating â⬠( Sarason 1984 ) i investigated in L2 larning procedure, and the consequences of these surveies are really confusing and non easy to construe. In Young ââ¬Ës survey ( 1986 ) , an outstanding negative correlativity between anxiousness and the Oral Proficiency Interview is found. In another survey, Chastain ( 1975 ) correlated the trial tonss of French, German, and Spanish scholars with two anxiousness graduated tables. And Chastain besides found that the tonss of Gallic audio-lingual method pupils were negatively correlated with the trial anxiousness, while the tonss of traditional German and Spanish pupils were positively correlated with trial anxiousness. A figure of factors can take to the trial anxiousness, such as the negative experience that pupils one time have experienced before, less assurance to execute in the testing state of affa irss or being afraid of holding bad tonss on trials. All of these can develop prevenient anxiousness. Another factor which contributes to the trial anxiousness is deficiency of readying. Students will experience overwhelmed when their clip direction and survey wonts are really hapless, and deficiency of organisation. The scholars who follow a clear perusal program will experience more confident than those who are loath but forced to jam in L2 larning procedure. Suitable force per unit area for pupils who want to execute better in the trials is a good motive, but if it is excessively serious, the consequences are opposite. Thought in this facet, pupils should pay much attending on the negative effects of failure, instead than fix to be successful in the trials. 3.3.3 Fear of negative evaluated Watson A ; Friend defined it as ââ¬Å" apprehensiveness about others ââ¬Ë ratings, turning away of appraising state of affairss, and the outlook that others would measure one negatively â⬠( Watson A ; Friend 1969 ) . The fright of negative rating is similar to prove anxiousness. The former is broader in range for trial anxiousness which is merely limited to the trial pickings state of affairss, but fright of negative rating may happen in any societal state of affairs. The fright of hapless public presentation and ridicule by equals is mistaking to one ââ¬Ës ââ¬Å" linguistic communication self-importance â⬠. The self-image of L2 scholars, particularly of students, is challenged because they have less control over the linguistic communication and do non experience like themselves when talking a L2. Horwitz and her associates concluded that LA is non merely the combination of communicating apprehensiveness, trial anxiousness and fright of negative rating, although they form the foundation of linguistic communication anxiousness surveies. LA should be regard as ââ¬Å" a distinguishable composite of self-perceptions, beliefs, feelings, and behaviours related to classroom linguistic communication larning originating from the singularity of the linguistic communication larning procedure â⬠( Horwitz et al. , 1986, p.128 ) IV Methods and Measure of lessen students ââ¬Ë anxiousness This chapter will present the methods of the survey and discourse the steps of lessen students ââ¬Ë anxiousness in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. 4.1 Methods This probes aim at larning the degree of students ââ¬Ë anxiousness so far, seeking and the doing factors of students ââ¬Ë anxiousness 1 ) Questionnaires The participants of the questionnaires are 21students from Kehuan English preparation school, whose ages are from 8 to 13. Two questionnaires were applied in this survey. Questionnaire 1 of Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale of Primary School was designed by the writer to observe pupils ââ¬Ë linguistic communication anxiousness. Questionnaire 2 was used to calculate out that which schoolroom activities were popular among pupils, whereas, which activities made pupils nervous, and beginnings and factors arousing pupils ââ¬Ë anxiousness were to be found out every bit good. 2 ) Interviews The present survey uses pupil interviews to calculate out pupils ââ¬Ë English acquisition experiences and other beginnings arousing their dying reactions in and outside the schoolroom. The interviews start with the undermentioned inquiries: What hold your parents done about your English propensity? How do you experience in English category? Do you believe you have English larning anxiousness? Do you believe what grounds straight lead to your anxiousness? 4.2 Analysis the factors taking students ââ¬Ë anxiousness Harmonizing analysis the studies, it is easy to cognize that students ââ¬Ë LA is caused by the undermentioned four grounds: 1 the scholar ââ¬Ës ain failings such as deficiency of assurance ; 2 inordinate demands from parents on their kids, deficiency of communicating ; 3 instructors improperly steering. Failings from students ââ¬Ë characters Pupils deficiency of self- assurance easiness to be anxiousness in larning L2. Some students may of course timid that they do nââ¬â¢t cognize what to make or bury the most familiar cognition due to tenseness, even if they carefully fix in category to speech. Some conservative students who lack of adventuresome spirit fright of doing errors for being joked after category. In add-on, writer besides found that the students from hapless household or countryside have higher anxiousness. 4.2.2 Excessive demands from parents on their kids Parental unrealistic demands or missing communicating frequently affects students ââ¬Ë larning emotion which causes LA. Through single interviews, writer analysis the consequence of relationship between parents and students, and found that the parents with high instruction background wage attending to pass on with their kids, while the low instruction background 1s non merely have non adequate communicating, but evaluate their kid in a really signal certify: tonss foremost. They think that the pupils with first-class academic perforates are good kids ; the pupils with worse academic perforates are bad 1s. These wrong judgements overburden students L2 acquisition, which result in students have to hard work to derive a high mark. But the effect is non every bit good as parents ââ¬Ë outlook for the factors of intelligent, survey schemes, and larning capacity. Most of hapless household parents fiting with non high educational background make money by high- tenseness manual work. The disproportionate payment force they desperately desire their kids altering destiny through first-class larning mark in school. Although there are many outstanding pupils among them, the general students are common pupils who are sing LA, such as embarrassment, cryings, self-blame and even give up, in forepart of larning reverses. 4.2.3 Teachers improperly steering Teachers are one of chief indispensable educational scenes. In the procedure of L2 acquisition, the instructor is the most of import factor. Pupils ââ¬Ë LA is non merely about their ain psychological qualities, but besides about the direct or indirect relationship with their instructors. In learning procedure, instructors due to their quality or improperly utilizing educational methods or means impact on students ââ¬Ë larning psychological science which easy causes LA. Besides, some instructors with bad piques are frequently austere, who could make nââ¬â¢t digest any mistake of students, so that they prefer to penalize or utilize bodily penalty, which add students ââ¬Ë psychological load, advancing larning hostility, and hinder students ââ¬Ë roundly grow and school ââ¬Ë normal instruction. 4.3 Measures of lessen linguistic communication anxiousness 4.3.1 Measures to get the better of failings of students ââ¬Ë characters Get the better ofing students ââ¬Ë failings of characters chiefly focus on hiking their assurance of English and imitating their acquisition motive through promoting them that they can get the better of any trouble when they learning English. The instructors can utilize the undermentioned steps to advance students ââ¬Ë assurance: First, making a comfy, non-threatening environment to promote moderate risk-taking without aching pupils ââ¬Ë self-pride ; Second, to avoid rectifying errors made by pupils purely in the schoolroom ; Third, to utilize proper competition in the schoolroom ; Fourthly, to set frontward proper schoolroom ends and demands harmonizing to the different degrees of the pupils ; Fifthly, to give wagess in clip to pupils to cultivate self-esteem and cut down the anxiousness ensuing from fearing of negative rating ; Sixthly, to avoid inquiring the pupils for perfect public presentation in English schoolroom ; Seventhly, to assist pupils utilize active pedagogical deductions, for illustration, self-encouragement ; Eighthly, to avoid the activities that pupils think unhappy ; Ninthly, to avoid the activities which are in hit with larning purposes ; Tenthly, to avoid the activities which are above or beyo nd the pupils ââ¬Ë abilities ; Eleventh, to avoid the activities which are harmful to self-image and social-image ; Twelfth, to utilize acquisition in 2nd schoolroom to assurance and concerted self-pride ; Thirteenth, to promote the pupils to larn to esteem, understand and do friends with others While using the above suggestions, the pupils can cover with linguistic communication of self-esteem and negative rating efficaciously every bit possible as they can. Merely in this manner can the pupils enjoy larning English and accomplish success in English acquisition. 4.3.2 Measures to parents ââ¬Ë influence Parents should convey good influence on their kid, because they are students ââ¬Ë key grownups whose attitudes straight relate to students ââ¬Ë motive to L2 acquisition. 1 ) Puting up good parent- instructor partnerships Schools as the specific educational establishment have abundant educational cognition, while parents are non provided with these. Therefore, schools should heighten partnership with parents and promote rational theory: 1. Schools can present circular educational theory by school-newspapers. The school-newspaper edits instructors learning contemplation and jobs they one time meted and solved and students ââ¬Ë heartfelt want about larning. All of these are helpful to beef up the communicating between schools and parents. 2. Parents meeting should be convoked on a regular basis. In the meeting, parents should be allowed together with pedagogues to place concerns, analyze state of affairss, develop and implement programs, and measure end attainment. Problem work outing, information assemblage, and resource sharing are all heightened. The attitudes parents and pedagogues hold about each other set the phase for an atmosphere conducive for the formation of effectual relationships. School forces that attempt to set plans into topographic point in the absence of constructive attitudes and a healthy ambiance will probably see limited success 2 ) Establish positive household larning environment Family is the 2nd of import acquisition topographic point for students, in which parents ââ¬Ë words and actions and other environment factors affect students ââ¬Ë L2 acquisition, therefore set uping a positive household environment is indispensable: 1. Parents should promote their kids to demo what they have learnt in school and praise their first-class public presentation, which aims at heightening students ââ¬Ë L2 larning assurance and hiking their acquisition motive. 2. Parents should collaborate with instructors to supervise consequence of L2 larning in school and pressing students to complete prep and practising unwritten English. 4.3.3 Measures to instructors ââ¬Ë improper guiding The instructor should excite the pupils ââ¬Ë motive and involvement of English acquisition. Harmonizing to the pupils ââ¬Ë degree, instructors arrange different undertakings and set frontward different demands so that pupils are able to complete them to avoid increasing larning anxiousness, which can set up the pupils ââ¬Ë assurance in English acquisition. Teachers should hold rich cognition to do English category gratifying. Teachers should be patient to assist pupils get the better of anxiousness as a effect of failure experience. Teachers should hold higher professional quality aimed at offering comprehendible input in English category, doing it easy for the pupils to analyze English. Teachers should make a relaxing, active and stress-free acquisition ambiance in which pupils do nââ¬â¢t waver to talk English and dare return hazard in take parting in assorted learning activities. It is of import for pupils to acknowledge linguistic communication larning anxiousness. So it is instructors ââ¬Ë duties to do the pupils cognizant of larning anxiousness and take effectual steps to decrease larning anxiousness. Teachers should promote the pupils to take an active portion in linguistic communication pattern. The more pupils pattern English, the more assurance they have. Proper rating is an of import method for cut downing English acquisition anxiousness. Teachers should be wise in happening out the pupils ââ¬Ë good qualities so as to advance them to confront troubles. The instructors ââ¬Ë response to pupils ââ¬Ë public presentation should be neither a simple ââ¬Å" right â⬠or ââ¬Å" incorrect â⬠, nor a simple ââ¬Å" Yes â⬠or ââ¬Å" No â⬠. At the same clip, instructors must carefully make up oneââ¬â¢s mind when, how frequently, and most significantly, how mistakes are corrected. Teachers should make a non-threatening acquisition environment for the pupils because it is critical for pupils to larn English. Merely w hen the pupils feel stress-free can they decrease larning anxiousness every bit possible as they can. Teachers should learn the pupils in conformity of their aptitude and esteem their single differences in the procedure of set uping learning undertakings. Teacher should be cognizant of their influence on pupils and do everything they can to cut down English larning anxiousness. Depending on the pupils ââ¬Ë demands and cultural background, the instructors can utilize any or all of the undermentioned suggestions for decreasing linguistic communication anxiousness by Rebecca L. Oxford ( 1999 ) . aââ¬Ë Help pupils understand that linguistic communication anxiousness episodes can be transeunt and do non necessarily develop into a permanent job ; aââ¬Ë?Boost the self-esteem and assurance of pupils for whom linguistic communication anxiousness has already become a long-run trait by supplying multiple chances for schoolroom success in the linguistic communication ; aââ¬Ë?Encoura ge moderate risk-taking and tolerance of ambiguity in a comfy, non-threatening environment ; aââ¬Ë?Reduce the competition nowadays in the schoolroom ; aââ¬Ëà ¤ Be really clear about schoolroom ends and aid pupils develop schemes to run into those V Conclusion This survey has investigated the difference of L2 larning anxiousness of primary school pupils from 2 Grade to 6 Grade, examined the relationship between LA and students ââ¬Ë L2 accomplishments and probed into the factors that could elicit students ââ¬Ë LA. The consequence of this research can be summarized as follows: In the first topographic point, this research shows that students ââ¬Ë LA is obvious, and the higher degrees of LA students have, the lower accomplishment they get. Second, the grounds that arouse students ââ¬Ë LA are assorted, hence lessen students ââ¬Ë 2nd linguistic communication larning anxiousness should be actualized from the facets of pupils, instructors and parents. Students should positively take portion into L2 category and courageously demo their accomplishments and inquire inquiries about L2 acquisition. Teachers should pay attending to pupils ââ¬Ë L2 larning psychological science, set up easy and happy instruction environment, and beef up the relationship with parents. As for parents, they should supply a good L2 acquisition environment, promote their kids to pattern L2 and give them great psychological comfortable and emotional support. Third, communicating apprehensiveness, English trials and fright of negative rating are some causes that provoke students ââ¬Ë linguistic communication acquisition anxiousness. As simple English instructors, we should maintain these differences between second-grade pupils and six-grade pupils in head, which would assist us to take preferred learning methods might student systems and closely supervise the schoolroom clime to place specific beginnings of pupil anxiousness for different class pupils. In order to cut down the anxiousness degree in the linguistic communication category, we suggest instructors speak more easy and reenforce the stuff to help comprehension and keeping, provide instructional stuff more relevant to pupils ââ¬Ë life or ends, and be cognizant of single acquisition manners. In add-on, instructors can utilize more whole-class activities, because probe consequences of this research indicate that non merely third-grade pupils but besides sixth-grade pupils like the whole-class activity. Furthermore, instructors do non overtly or harshly correct the mistake, but merely repeats the phrase in the proper grammatical or phonic signifier. Correct feedback is given, but errors are non emphasized in forepart of the others. It might besides be helpful if the instructor points out that errors are an built-in portion of the acquisition procedure and are non to be feared. How to cite The newly theory of educationalists, Essay examples wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-40104893821963457642019-12-07T22:35:00.001-08:002019-12-07T22:35:03.878-08:00Solution Basic Probability Question 1. Clearly distinguish in your own words among the features of the three approaches to probability. Under what circumstances would each type be more appropriate than the others? Answer 1. There are three approaches of probability which are given below: 1. Classical probability: In this probability, all elements are equally likely. We use this probability when all elements have equal chance of selection and there is no any weightage given to a particular element. This probability is defined as the number of elements in favour divided by total number of elements in the sample space.2. Relative frequency probability: In this probability, each element or class have a particular frequency or weightage, so probability for this element or class is taken as the frequency for this particular class or element divided by the total frequency. This probability used where the elements or classes have different frequencies.3. Subjective Probability: In this probability, the condition is that the sum of all probabilities for all events in the sample space should be one and probability should lies between 0 and 1 for each event. Question 2. A recent road safety study found that in 77% of all accidents the driver was wearing a seatbelt. Accident reports indicated that 92% of those drivers escaped serious injury (defined as hospitalisation or death), but only 63% of the non-belted drivers were so fortunate. What is the probability that a driver who was seriously injured was not wearing seatbelt? (Use the decision tree method to obtain your answer.) Answer 2. The decision tree with relative probabilities is given below: Probability tree diagram Driver with seatbelt (77%) Serious injury (8%) 0.77*0.08 = 0.0616 No serious injury (92%) 0.77*0.92 = 0.7084 Driver without seatbelt (23%) Serious injury (37%) 0.23*0.37 = 0.0851 No serious injury (63%) 0.23*0.63 = 0.1449 Total 1 Probability that a driver who was seriously injured was not wearing seatbelt = 0.0851 Question 3. The aptitude test scores of applicants to a university graduate program are normally distributed with mean 500 and standard deviation 60. If the university wishes to set the cut-off score for graduate admission so that only the top 10 percent of applicants qualify for admission, what is the required cut-off score? What percentage of applicants has test scores within two standard deviations of the mean? Answer 3. We are given mean = 500 and standard deviation = 60 We have to use the formula for cut-off score as given below: X = mean + z*standard deviation Now, we have to find the z value for top 10% applicants by using the normal table. That is, we have to find the z-critical value for lower 90% or probability 0.9 By using z-table or normal table, we have z = 1.28 Now, plug all values in the above formula and calculate the cut-off point X for top 10% applicants given as below: X = 500 + 1.28*60 = 576.8931 (approximately 577 ) Now, we have to find the percentage of applicants who has test scores within two standard deviations of the mean. First, we have to find the two standard deviation limits as below: Lower limit = 500 2*60 = 500 120 = 380 Upper limit = 500 + 2*60 = 500 + 120 = 620 Now, we have to find the area between the test scores 380 and 620. For finding this area, we have to use the z-score formula which is given as below: Z = ( X mean ) / standard deviation First we have to find the z score for x = 380 Z = ( 380 500) / 60 = -2 Now we have to find the z-score for x = 620 Z = ( 620 500) / 60 = 2 Now, we have to find P(-2Z2) = P(Z2) P(Z-2) We have to use z-table or normal table for finding the above probability. We have, P(Z2) = 0.97725 And P(Z-2) = 0.02275 P(-2Z2) = 0.97725 0.02275 = 0.9545 Required answer = 95.45% Question 4. For the following discuss whether a sample or a census would be preferable. Indicate any assumptions you make: An examination of dwellings in a large city to obtain information about the extent of present home insulation and the costs to bring substandard dwellings up to minimum insulation standards. Answer 4. In this case, sample or sampling method would be preferable over a census because in the large city, taking the data for all dwellings is very time consuming and it is also costly. So, by selecting some areas randomly and again selecting some dwellings randomly from selected areas will give us approximate estimate for this study. Question 5. Comment on the veracity of the following statements: a) The Central Limit Theorem is the cornerstone of statistical estimation. b) The overriding factor in determining sample size is the requirement for precision in estimates of population parameters. Answer 5 a) This statement is true because in statistical estimation, there are so many large size data sets for the purpose of estimation and central limit theorem helps us for providing approximate estimates. b) This statement is true, because approximation or margin of accuracy in determining the sample size is based on the precision. Question 6. Explain the difference between sampling error and non-sampling error. Briefly describe three types of non-sampling error. Answer 6. Sampling error is nothing but the error which arises during the data collection process during taking a sample from the given population. The non-sampling error is the error which is not occurred during the time of data collection process during the taking of sample from population. This error may be some bias observation or any other mistakes. Three types of non sampling error are given as below: Processing error: These types of error occurred during the preparation of final data processing. Estimation error: These types of error occurred during the estimation of parameters during the analysis. Respondent error: These type of error occurred if the respondent gives the incorrect information. Question 7. How large a sample is needed so that a 95% confidence interval for the mean number of years of attained education has a margin of error equal to one year? Answer 7. Here we have to use the formula for sample size which is given as below: n = (Z*SD/E)2 We are given, E = 1 And z for 95% confidence interval is given as 1.96 Required sample size = n = (1.96*SD/1)2 = 3.8416*SD2 Question 8. Excessive TV watching has been named as one factor, other than diet, for the increasing proportion of obese Australians. A recent survey asked respondents, On the average day, about how many hours do you personally watch television? The results of the survey are summarised below:a) What do the sample mean and standard deviation suggest about the likely shape of the population distribution? b) How was the standard error obtained? What does it mean? c) Interpret the 95% confidence interval? Answer 8. a) Here we are given a sample mean is 2.98 and sample standard deviation is 2.66, this means, according to the sample mean standard deviation is high. This indicates that the statistical data set values are farther away from the mean. This distribution indicates that the data values have wider curve shape. b) Standard error is obtained by using the following formula: Standard error = sample standard deviation / sqrt(n)Where n is the sample size. Standard error = 2.66 / sqrt(1324) = 0.0731 Standard error indicates that the how precise is the estimate for population parameter. c) We are given a 95% confidence interval as (2.8366, 3.1234), we can interpret this confidence interval as below: We are 95% confident that the population mean is lies between the two values 2.8366 and 3.1234 or we can also say that about there is 95% probability of finding the population mean within the two values 2.8366 and 3.1234. wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-6720630577728067542019-11-30T10:18:00.001-08:002019-11-30T10:18:03.332-08:00The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War Essay ExampleThe Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War Essay The First World War raged on for four savage and bloody years, claiming lives and destroying the futures of those left behind as survivors.à As the war entered what would be seen in retrospect as its final official year, 1918, another enemy far more elusive and harder to defeat than even the most organized army would emerge on the scene in the guise of the so-called ââ¬ËSpanish Fluââ¬â¢.à When this pandemic is examined and discussed in comparison and contrast to the experiences of WWI, a greater understanding of human, international and military history during this pivotal time emerges.à Therefore, in this paper, these topics will be presented and interwoven with the intention, upon completion of the research, of presenting not only a story of history, but also one of humanity. An Examination of ââ¬ËSpanish Fluââ¬â¢ When conducting research into the ââ¬ËSpanish Fluââ¬â¢ pandemic of 1918-1919, one literally finds thousands of sources of information about the clinical aspects of the illness, death tolls, and the like, but information regarding the true origin of this spreading of the influenza virus is typically a bit harder to find, but worth the search, for when the facts are presented, the reality of what has been falsely attributed to a Spanish origin can be seen to actually be anything but Spanish in retrospect. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer ââ¬ËSpanish Fluââ¬â¢, as was suggested earlier, does not exist; as a matter of fact, the strain of influenza that was given this name actually can be traced back to an American army camp in the spring of 1918; from that camp, the sickness was carried to France by Expeditionary Forces that were allied with the French in the fighting of the war (Phillips, et al).à If this information is in fact accurate, the question arises as to how/why the name ââ¬ËSpanishââ¬â¢ was attached to this flu at all.à The truth of the matter is in fact multi-faceted. Generally, the world attitude toward Spain in regard to WWI was not favorable, due to the fact that the nation chose not to take a side in the war, and perhaps even more importantly, did not offer any troops, financial support, or equipment to anyone involved in the war effort itself (Larson); therefore, the stage was set for a great deal of resentment toward Spain for what was perceived as a lack of involvement in the war effort.à Moreover, during the time of WWI, when so many other nations were on the brink of destruction and bankruptcy, Spain was in fact enjoying a fair level of financial prosperity.à Whether this was due to a lack of involvement in the war is still a point of debate, but a logical conclusion can be drawn that the economy and populous of Spain would have been worse off had the nation been engaged in WWI. As news of the safety and prosperity of the Spanish nation began to spread throughout the war-stricken parts of Europe, a great deal of people, seeking to escape the ravages of war and take advantage of economic opportunity, immigrated to Spain (Page).à Because of this massive influx of people, the cities of Spain soon became less than desirable in terms of crowded living conditions, sanitation, and the like- a breeding ground for disease.à Upon this stage, sources indicate that many French refugees came to Spain, and many of these individuals were carriers of the influenza that has been traced back to American soldiers; therefore, the flu ravaged Spain and was exported when people, who did not have familial or economic ties to Spain, came and went with regularity.à In this sense, the biggest export from Spain at the time was in fact the flu, but it was not due to any action or inaction on the part of the Spanish people, government, or medical system.à The reality is that this flu could actually be more accurately called the ââ¬ËAmerican Fluâ⬠if the criterion for naming it is the nation/nationality that originated the sickness in the first place. The Spanish press of the day can also be seen to have played a role in the creation of the term ââ¬ËSpanish Fluââ¬â¢.à Once the illness had begun to heavily affect those living in Spain, whether they were citizens, of Spanish descent or not, the national newspapers carried extensive accounts of the experiences of those afflicted, death tolls, and other associated news items (Phillips, et al).à The reality is that whatever the intention of Spanish reporters sensationalistic or not, the net effect was to give Spain an unfair burden of guilt as the ââ¬Å"creatorsâ⬠of the influenza epidemic which began in 1918. The Experience of the First World War The experience ofà WWI was more complex than one may imagine, even from its beginning, and once again, research reveals that much lurks beneath the surface of the traditional version of how the war started and progressed.à There was more to the onset of the war then the event of an Austrian prince beingà murdered in Serbia, as is what most people consider to be the cause of World War I. à à Furthermore, the effects of the war were not just concentrated to a post-war era lasting for a generation of Westerners. à Rather, it was the breaking point for Austria in its dealings with Serbia. The truth of the matter is that several factors played a role in the outbreak of the war.à WWI truly was the result of building aggressions among the countries of Europe which was backed by the rise of nationalism. To add to the disastrous pot, there was also imperial competition along with the fear of war prompting military alliances and armsà à race.à All of these increased the escalating tensions that lead to the outbreak of WWI (Higham, et al). Another experience to come out of WWI was the first of what would become many ââ¬Å"arms racesâ⬠. With the hostile divisions of the nations of Europeà there came the expansion of armies and navies. Furthermore, the great powers came to copy Germanyââ¬â¢s militaryà organization and efficiency, which called for universal registration for military duty, large reserves and detailed planning (Coetzee, et al). Efforts were made for universal disarmament, but the escalation of weapons continued unrestricted, much like a case of history repeating itself, when looked upon from the perspective of the arms races of today. The extreme popularity of the development of more and more weapons during the WWI era also served as a catalyst for another occurrence which even today is viewed as barbaric and unacceptable in virtually all war situations- chemical weapons and warfare.à Much like the more aptly named ââ¬ËAmerican Fluââ¬â¢ used a naturally occurring situation to claim millions of lives, the scientists of the WWI era began to harness the power of chemical reactions to create weapons such as Mustard Gas, which would, without distinction between soldiers and civilians, literally poison men, women, and children en masse.à In fact, there is also evidence to suggest that these chemical weapons were not originated by crazed military geniuses, but rather were based upon the discoveries and studies conducted by some of the most brilliant minds of chemistry, found in the universities of the world (Russell).à In an ironic twist, chemicals originally formulated as pesticides, ostensibly to improve the lives of individuals, were adapted for the purposes of war and killing people by the thousands, indiscriminately (Russell). The experience of WWI also set the stage for some of the worst events that would befall human history in the decades to come.à In 1929 the American stock market came to aà crashing halt.à With the financial crisis also came a decrease of production, and naturally this lead to widespread unemployment. The era of the Great Depression was also the era of the rise of political dictatorship throughout Europe. These dictatorships involved a new form of tyranny and were most evident in the rise of Nazi Germany and particularly, Adolf Hitler. It is believed by many that Hitler would never have came to power if it had not been for the sounding defeat and humiliation of Germany as the result of WWI and its immediate aftermath (Luckhurst). Interrelationship Between The Elements Looking at the relationship between the experiences of what is commonly called ââ¬ËSpanish Fluââ¬â¢ and World War I, there are both concrete and abstract relationships between the two that emerge, and can be identified and discussed. First, the concrete associations between these elements virtually jump out at even the most casual researcher, and the parallels manifest themselves: both elements grew with tremendous ferocity to claim millions of lives, and leave behind nothing but misery and sadness for the survivors, most of whom spent the rest of their lives trying to understand exactly what happened, why it happened, and what can be done to prevent such a horrible tragedy from ever showing itself again.à Both elements, once they reached full speed so to speak, were unstoppable, and had to quite literally ââ¬Å"run their courseâ⬠before they subsided (Coetzee).à Moreover, both of these provided hollow victories, for both war and disease would emerge time and time again, and do so even in the 21st century.à Likewise, war and disease evolved for the worse during the time of WWI, and no one was able to find a way to complete erase either from the face of the earth. More abstract relationships between the two can also be seen; perhaps one of the most interesting common threads can be seen in the role of the media in both events.à In the case of the influenza outbreak, evidence presented earlier in this paper showed that the frenzy that was generated by the media led to the misnaming of the so-called ââ¬ËSpanish Fluââ¬â¢, and no amount of attempts to correct the error, after being placed in the minds of the people by the media of the day, could reach any level of effectiveness.à Also, those who carried the flu, as was also discussed earlier, were likely attracted to Spain in the first place by the media accounts of safety, freedom and economic prosperity in Spain, while the majority of the rest of the world was in the grips of a war that had the potential to destroy everyone and everything.à Therefore, it would not be too much of a leap to say that the media carried the influenza epidemic as much as the human body did. From an abstract viewpoint, the overall idea of frailty of human life is also critically important.à In an old adage, whose originator is lost to obscurity, it was once said that ââ¬Å"man plans- God laughsâ⬠, meaning that for all that we think we control in the human condition, essentially, we in reality control very little.à Keeping this in mind, whether one is talking about a chemical weapon, human illness, or the natural tendency of man to conflict with other men in a pursuit of power and control of the physical world, there are some elements which are uncontrollable, no matter what one may attempt to manipulate.à à As much as the human race may kid itself, and lull into a false sense of security by thinking that everything is in control and that the future can be at its brightest, the reality is that nothing is for certain.à Disease and war, as presented in this paper, are prime examples of this. Conclusion This paper has shown the concrete and abstract associations between war and disease, as well as the complexities of the human condition.à In closing, perhaps the best information that can be drawn from the research is that the human race, as has been said time and time again, must either learn from history or be condemned to repeat it.à Perhaps, finally, no wiser words have ever been said. The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War Essay Example The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War Essay The First World War raged on for four savage and bloody years, claiming lives and destroying the futures of those left behind as survivors.à As the war entered what would be seen in retrospect as its final official year, 1918, another enemy far more elusive and harder to defeat than even the most organized army would emerge on the scene in the guise of the so-called ââ¬ËSpanish Fluââ¬â¢.à When this pandemic is examined and discussed in comparison and contrast to the experiences of WWI, a greater understanding of human, international and military history during this pivotal time emerges.à Therefore, in this paper, these topics will be presented and interwoven with the intention, upon completion of the research, of presenting not only a story of history, but also one of humanity. An Examination of ââ¬ËSpanish Fluââ¬â¢ When conducting research into the ââ¬ËSpanish Fluââ¬â¢ pandemic of 1918-1919, one literally finds thousands of sources of information about the clinical aspects of the illness, death tolls, and the like, but information regarding the true origin of this spreading of the influenza virus is typically a bit harder to find, but worth the search, for when the facts are presented, the reality of what has been falsely attributed to a Spanish origin can be seen to actually be anything but Spanish in retrospect. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer ââ¬ËSpanish Fluââ¬â¢, as was suggested earlier, does not exist; as a matter of fact, the strain of influenza that was given this name actually can be traced back to an American army camp in the spring of 1918; from that camp, the sickness was carried to France by Expeditionary Forces that were allied with the French in the fighting of the war (Phillips, et al).à If this information is in fact accurate, the question arises as to how/why the name ââ¬ËSpanishââ¬â¢ was attached to this flu at all.à The truth of the matter is in fact multi-faceted. Generally, the world attitude toward Spain in regard to WWI was not favorable, due to the fact that the nation chose not to take a side in the war, and perhaps even more importantly, did not offer any troops, financial support, or equipment to anyone involved in the war effort itself (Larson); therefore, the stage was set for a great deal of resentment toward Spain for what was perceived as a lack of involvement in the war effort.à Moreover, during the time of WWI, when so many other nations were on the brink of destruction and bankruptcy, Spain was in fact enjoying a fair level of financial prosperity.à Whether this was due to a lack of involvement in the war is still a point of debate, but a logical conclusion can be drawn that the economy and populous of Spain would have been worse off had the nation been engaged in WWI. As news of the safety and prosperity of the Spanish nation began to spread throughout the war-stricken parts of Europe, a great deal of people, seeking to escape the ravages of war and take advantage of economic opportunity, immigrated to Spain (Page).à Because of this massive influx of people, the cities of Spain soon became less than desirable in terms of crowded living conditions, sanitation, and the like- a breeding ground for disease.à Upon this stage, sources indicate that many French refugees came to Spain, and many of these individuals were carriers of the influenza that has been traced back to American soldiers; therefore, the flu ravaged Spain and was exported when people, who did not have familial or economic ties to Spain, came and went with regularity.à In this sense, the biggest export from Spain at the time was in fact the flu, but it was not due to any action or inaction on the part of the Spanish people, government, or medical system.à The reality is that this flu could actually be more accurately called the ââ¬ËAmerican Fluâ⬠if the criterion for naming it is the nation/nationality that originated the sickness in the first place. The Spanish press of the day can also be seen to have played a role in the creation of the term ââ¬ËSpanish Fluââ¬â¢.à Once the illness had begun to heavily affect those living in Spain, whether they were citizens, of Spanish descent or not, the national newspapers carried extensive accounts of the experiences of those afflicted, death tolls, and other associated news items (Phillips, et al).à The reality is that whatever the intention of Spanish reporters sensationalistic or not, the net effect was to give Spain an unfair burden of guilt as the ââ¬Å"creatorsâ⬠of the influenza epidemic which began in 1918. The Experience of the First World War The experience ofà WWI was more complex than one may imagine, even from its beginning, and once again, research reveals that much lurks beneath the surface of the traditional version of how the war started and progressed.à There was more to the onset of the war then the event of an Austrian prince beingà murdered in Serbia, as is what most people consider to be the cause of World War I. à à Furthermore, the effects of the war were not just concentrated to a post-war era lasting for a generation of Westerners. à Rather, it was the breaking point for Austria in its dealings with Serbia. The truth of the matter is that several factors played a role in the outbreak of the war.à WWI truly was the result of building aggressions among the countries of Europe which was backed by the rise of nationalism. To add to the disastrous pot, there was also imperial competition along with the fear of war prompting military alliances and armsà à race.à All of these increased the escalating tensions that lead to the outbreak of WWI (Higham, et al). Another experience to come out of WWI was the first of what would become many ââ¬Å"arms racesâ⬠. With the hostile divisions of the nations of Europeà there came the expansion of armies and navies. Furthermore, the great powers came to copy Germanyââ¬â¢s militaryà organization and efficiency, which called for universal registration for military duty, large reserves and detailed planning (Coetzee, et al). Efforts were made for universal disarmament, but the escalation of weapons continued unrestricted, much like a case of history repeating itself, when looked upon from the perspective of the arms races of today. The extreme popularity of the development of more and more weapons during the WWI era also served as a catalyst for another occurrence which even today is viewed as barbaric and unacceptable in virtually all war situations- chemical weapons and warfare.à Much like the more aptly named ââ¬ËAmerican Fluââ¬â¢ used a naturally occurring situation to claim millions of lives, the scientists of the WWI era began to harness the power of chemical reactions to create weapons such as Mustard Gas, which would, without distinction between soldiers and civilians, literally poison men, women, and children en masse.à In fact, there is also evidence to suggest that these chemical weapons were not originated by crazed military geniuses, but rather were based upon the discoveries and studies conducted by some of the most brilliant minds of chemistry, found in the universities of the world (Russell).à In an ironic twist, chemicals originally formulated as pesticides, ostensibly to improve the lives of individuals, were adapted for the purposes of war and killing people by the thousands, indiscriminately (Russell). The experience of WWI also set the stage for some of the worst events that would befall human history in the decades to come.à In 1929 the American stock market came to aà crashing halt.à With the financial crisis also came a decrease of production, and naturally this lead to widespread unemployment. The era of the Great Depression was also the era of the rise of political dictatorship throughout Europe. These dictatorships involved a new form of tyranny and were most evident in the rise of Nazi Germany and particularly, Adolf Hitler. It is believed by many that Hitler would never have came to power if it had not been for the sounding defeat and humiliation of Germany as the result of WWI and its immediate aftermath (Luckhurst). Interrelationship Between The Elements Looking at the relationship between the experiences of what is commonly called ââ¬ËSpanish Fluââ¬â¢ and World War I, there are both concrete and abstract relationships between the two that emerge, and can be identified and discussed. First, the concrete associations between these elements virtually jump out at even the most casual researcher, and the parallels manifest themselves: both elements grew with tremendous ferocity to claim millions of lives, and leave behind nothing but misery and sadness for the survivors, most of whom spent the rest of their lives trying to understand exactly what happened, why it happened, and what can be done to prevent such a horrible tragedy from ever showing itself again.à Both elements, once they reached full speed so to speak, were unstoppable, and had to quite literally ââ¬Å"run their courseâ⬠before they subsided (Coetzee).à Moreover, both of these provided hollow victories, for both war and disease would emerge time and time again, and do so even in the 21st century.à Likewise, war and disease evolved for the worse during the time of WWI, and no one was able to find a way to complete erase either from the face of the earth. More abstract relationships between the two can also be seen; perhaps one of the most interesting common threads can be seen in the role of the media in both events.à In the case of the influenza outbreak, evidence presented earlier in this paper showed that the frenzy that was generated by the media led to the misnaming of the so-called ââ¬ËSpanish Fluââ¬â¢, and no amount of attempts to correct the error, after being placed in the minds of the people by the media of the day, could reach any level of effectiveness.à Also, those who carried the flu, as was also discussed earlier, were likely attracted to Spain in the first place by the media accounts of safety, freedom and economic prosperity in Spain, while the majority of the rest of the world was in the grips of a war that had the potential to destroy everyone and everything.à Therefore, it would not be too much of a leap to say that the media carried the influenza epidemic as much as the human body did. From an abstract viewpoint, the overall idea of frailty of human life is also critically important.à In an old adage, whose originator is lost to obscurity, it was once said that ââ¬Å"man plans- God laughsâ⬠, meaning that for all that we think we control in the human condition, essentially, we in reality control very little.à Keeping this in mind, whether one is talking about a chemical weapon, human illness, or the natural tendency of man to conflict with other men in a pursuit of power and control of the physical world, there are some elements which are uncontrollable, no matter what one may attempt to manipulate.à à As much as the human race may kid itself, and lull into a false sense of security by thinking that everything is in control and that the future can be at its brightest, the reality is that nothing is for certain.à Disease and war, as presented in this paper, are prime examples of this. Conclusion This paper has shown the concrete and abstract associations between war and disease, as well as the complexities of the human condition.à In closing, perhaps the best information that can be drawn from the research is that the human race, as has been said time and time again, must either learn from history or be condemned to repeat it.à Perhaps, finally, no wiser words have ever been said. wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-50795635203742596342019-11-26T03:23:00.001-08:002019-11-26T03:23:04.030-08:00Robinson Crusoe essaysRobinson Crusoe essays Books about voyages and new discoveries were exceedingly popular in the first quarter of the 18-th century and many stories of this kind had been written but while Defoe was busy with politics he did not think of also trying his hand at it. However a story that appeared in one of the Steeles magazines, The Englishmen, attracted his attention. It was about Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch sailor. He had left England for a voyage to the Southern Seas in 1704. The ship was not seaworthy, and Selkirk who had quarreled with his captain insisted on going ashore. He was put ashore on a desert island where he lived quite alone for 4 years and 4 months. In 1709 he was picked up by a passing vessel. Steel had heard the story from the captain of the ship that had brought Selkirk home. Selkirks story of the island of Juan Ferdinance interested Defoe so much that he decided to use the story for a book. His hero, Robinson Crusoe, however, spent 26 years on a desert island. The novel is a praise to human labour and the triumph of man over nature. Labour and fortitude help Robinson to endure hardships. They save him from despair. The very process of hard work gives him satisfaction. Defoe was a great master of realistic detail. When reading his minute description of Crusoes life and work, one fells that the person who wrote it must have lived through all the adventures himself, because they are so well described, even though most of them are rather improbable. Defoes sense of contact with the reader is felt in the clarity of his style. The charm of the novel lies in Robinson as a person. Defoe shows the development of his hero. T the beginning of the story we see an unexperienced youth, a rather frivolous boy, who then becomes a strong willed man, able to withstand all the calamities of his unusual destiny. Alone and defenseless Crusoe tried to be reasonable in order to master his despondency (loss of hope and... wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-44010932953281599302019-11-22T10:46:00.001-08:002019-11-22T10:46:03.723-08:00Overview of CnidariansOverview of Cnidarians A cnidarian is anà invertebrateà in the Phylum Cnidaria. This phylum includesà corals, sea anemones, sea jellies (jellyfish), sea pens, and hydras. Pronunciation: Nid-air-ee-an Also Known As: Coelenterate, Coelenterata Characteristics of Cnidarians Cnidariansà exhibit radial symmetry, which means their body parts are arranged symmetrically around a central axis. So, if you drew a line from any point at the edge of a cnidarian through the center and to the other side, youd have two roughly equal halves. Cnidarians also have tentacles. These tentacles haveà stinging structures called cnidocytes, which bearà nematocysts.à Cnidarians got their name from these stinging structures.à The word cnidarian comes from the Greek wordà knideà (nettle).à The presence of nematocysts is a key feature of cnidarians. Cnidarians can use their tentacles for defense or for capturing prey.à Although they can sting, not all cnidarians pose a threat to humans. Some, like the box jellyfish, have very potent toxins in their tentacles, but others, like moon jellies, have toxins that dont have enough power to sting us. Cnidarians have two body layers called the epidermis and gastrodermis. Sandwiched in between is a jelly-like substance calledà mesoglea. Examples of Cnidariansà As a large group comprised of thousands of species, cnidarians can be pretty diverse in their form. Overall, though, they have two main body plans: polypoid, in which the mouth faces up (e.g., anemones) and medusoid, in which the mouth faces down (e.g., jellyfish). Cnidarians may go through stages in their life cycle in which they experience each of these body plans. There are several major groups of cnidarians: Anthozoa:à sea anemones, sea pens, and corals. These animals have aà polypoid body plan and attach to a substrate, such as other animals, rocks or algae.Hydrozoa:à hydrozoans, also known as hydromedusae or hydroids. These organisms alternate between polyp and medusa stages and are usually colonial organisms. Siphonophores, which include Portuguese man-of-war and by-the-wind sailors, are examples of animals in the Class Hydrozoa. Most cnidarians are marine organisms, but there are some hydrozoan species that live in fresh water.Scyphozoa or Scyphomedusae:à true jellyfishà are in the Class Scyphozoa. These animals are known for their bell shape with dangling oral arms. Some jellyfish have tentacles also. The lions mane jellyfish is the largest species, with tentacles that may stretch more than 100 feet.Cubozoa:à box jellyfish. These animals have a cube-shaped bell, with tentacles dangling from each corner. The sea wasp, a type of box jellyfish, is said to be the most venomo us marine animal.Staurozoa: stalked jellyfish or Stauromedusae.à These strange-looking, trumpet-shaped animals arent free-swimming like regular jellyfish.à Instead, they attach to rocks or seaweed and are typically found in cold water. Myxozoa:à à parasitic microorganisms that evolved from jellyfishà There has been debate over the years over where these animals should be classified - the latest research places them in the Cnidaria phylum, and an important piece of evidence is that these creatures have nematocysts.à Myxozoa species can affect fish, worms, amphibians, reptiles, and even mammals. One economic impact is that they can affect farmed fish such as salmon. Smallest and Largest Cnidarians The smallest cnidarian is a hydra with the scientific nameà Psammohydra nanna. This animal is less than half a millimeter in size.à The largest non-colonial cnidarian is the lions mane jellyfish. As mentioned above, the tentacles are thought to stretch more than 100 feet. The bell of this jellyfish can be over 8 feet across. Of colonial cnidarians, the longest is the giant siphonophore, which can grow to over 130 feet. Sources de Lazaro, E. 2015. Myxozoans: Widespread Parasites Are Actually Micro Jellyfish. Sci-News.com. Accessed February 27, 2016.Ocean Portal. Jellyfish and Comb Jellies. Accessed February 27, 2016.à Sadava, D.E., Hillis, D.M., Heller, H.C. and M. Berenbaum. 2009. Life: The Science of Biology, Volume 2. Macmillan.University of California Museum of Paleontology. Introduction to the Hydrozoa. Accessed February 27, 2016.WoRMS. 2015. Myxozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species. February 27, 2016. wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-70875090462280645892019-11-20T22:49:00.001-08:002019-11-20T22:49:06.798-08:00Equalization in Canada verses Equalization in Australia EssayEqualization in Canada verses Equalization in Australia - Essay Example Equalization is one of four major federal transfer programs. The others are the Canada Health Transfer, the Canada Social Transfer, and the Territorial Formula Financing (the main source of revenue for territorial governments). Equalization is the federal government's main device for reducing fiscal inequalities between the 'have and have-not' provinces (Mapleleafweb). The grant to receive equalization funding is calculated by a formula assessing each province's revenue raising ability against a five-province standard. Presently eight Canadian provinces receive equalization: Quebec, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Saskatchewan. This program is the Canadian government's most important initiative for reducing fiscal discrepancies between provinces (Equalization Program). Equalization payments allow less prosperous provincial governments to offer their residents public services such as hospital fees, electricity, water and other basics that are comparable to those in other provinces and at similar taxation levels. Each province receives unconditional equalization payments. ... For 2005-06 eight provinces are expected to qualify for $10.9 billion in equalization entitlements. The provincial governments may spend the equalization money they receive in any way they desire, unlike conditional transfer payments such as the Canada Health and Social Transfer. The equalization payments guarantee equal levels of health care, education, and welfare in all the provinces. Equalization payments do not involve payment transfers from wealthy provinces to poorer provinces. Instead the federal treasury provides the funds for these payments. In other words, for example, a wealthy citizen from a poorer province like New Brunswick, pays more into equalization than a poorer citizen in wealthy province like Ontario. Since Ontario has a bigger population and wealth, the citizens of Ontario as a whole pay more federal taxes and therefore their total contribution in equalization payments is greater than that of New Brunswick. Equalization payments also aid by encouraging national unity. Quebec, the most populous of the poorer provinces, is the largest single beneficiary of the payments. 70% of the 10 million Canadians of the poorer provinces reside in Quebec when British Columbia and Saskatchewan are removed. The history of Equalization dates back to Confederation and the Constitution Act of 1867. Two basic principles that Canada's founding fathers based the separation of legislative powers: 1) The central government must retain much of its revenue generating power for the purpose of building railroads 2) 'Coordinate federalism' in which provincial governments act independently and autonomously within predefined powers and must be the basis for the division of powers between provinces and the central government. The great wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-47304504036778568082019-11-19T04:00:00.001-08:002019-11-19T04:00:04.207-08:00Ethics in Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsEthics in Strategic Management - Essay Example Contemporary development in services dealing with finance has prompted stakeholders to question corporationsââ¬â¢ moral obligation. These obligations together with business ethics provide important and integral part in the process of strategic management. Early management proponents showed the needs of CEOs to be morally responsible (Barnand, 1938). Executives should be ethical to their customers. Organizations endure the ethical breadth via which their governing is based. Moral responsibility is attached to executives to the people they serve. Likewise, they are responsible for the inspiration via leadership and creation of trust through understanding and common purpose. Those who pioneered strategic thinking advocated for ethics in decision making. Corporate strategy is defined as an organizational process that cannot be separated from behavior, culture and structure of a firm. This provides enterprise strategy basis by definition of context in which those firms operate in both economic and human terms. In the last ten years, there has been the development of ethics and strategic management. Strategic management originated recently and has been accepted in planning and business policy fields. Nevertheless, ethics is a different field that is still evolving, and up to date it has not troubled strategic management academics. Stakeholder's interests have internal worth despite it advancing shareholders interest. From this point of view, an organizationââ¬â¢s success should not be viewed as an end but also as a means for advancing stakeholders interest. Ethical analysis is the only way for resolving conflicts in goals and values; it is important in strategic management.... In the 1970s, the technique of strategizing thrived in business schools. Corporate strategy if defined as decisions pattern of a company that reveals and determine its goals, objective or purposes, produces policies and make plans on achievement of the objectives, and defines type of business a company is likely to pursue. While there are similarities between ethics and strategy, there are misunderstandings between the two. Recent thinking in management developments have converged the two. The notion on ethics and strategy are distinct, and separate fields do not hold of recent. Unless it acknowledged that the two should be closely integrated, more problems might be experienced and failures in business. Ethical issues Moral and Morality Problems Morality deals with beliefs, values and norms embedded in a process which define wrong and right for a particular society. The manager is characterized as a moral individual in accordance to the traits. With the moral values, a manager should convey ethical messages, which others can notice. Problems related to morality are associated to harm caused by others. Harming others do not bring any good but prevention of it promotes good. It can be debated that moral issues related to strategic management are complicated because harms caused to other individuals are predictably related to benefits of others. For instance, transformation of an economy to an economy of low wage harms workers who have been displaced but benefits the newly recruited employees and existing stakeholders. Ethical Analysis The policy behind the analysis of ethics can be linked to point of view which claims that principles of ethics are not measures of subjection which vary with economic and cultural conditions. In the real sense, they are first wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-81303730046818337162019-11-16T16:32:00.001-08:002019-11-16T16:32:04.775-08:00Attachment Theory Essay Example for Free Attachment Theory Essay Hunting and Fishing has been a part of the past and present of America. It plays a vital role in the history. Even in the society today, hunting and fishing contributes a lot in the society. Centuries ago, hunting and fishing are means of survival for the ancient people. But as years pass development began, and the traditional ways of surviving has also developed. The number of hunting and fishing had also decreased. People using hunting and fishing for survival become lesser because of agricultural and industrial development. The purpose of hunting and fishing was also changed, as a survival means to sports. Hunting and fishing was said to be a significant activity in the history and to the society of today. But how does hunting and fishing began? And how it evolved from survival means to a popular sport? Hunting was a way of killing wild animals to obtain something, during the ancient times a person hunts to obtain food, clothing and shelter. It was a necessity during those times; hunting was the primary source of the basic needs of the people. A person hunts to be able to provide the family food, fur and leather for clothing, and hide for shelter. Those times having a good source of the groupââ¬â¢s needs makes a strong foundation, it helps a tribe or a group survive. Through the centuries development had occurred and also changed the ways of people, one of these ways is hunting. Hunting gradually lost its purpose as the primary source of food due to agricultural development and manufacturing. But because of the challenge and excitement it offers, people enjoyed hunting and considered it as a past time which later become a sport. Egyptians, Greeks and Romans considered hunting as a sport. For the Greeks, hunting develops a healthy body and well-being. It is not only now that hunting has regulating law, during the 13th century Kublai Khan, a Mongol emperor restrained his subjects from hunting. As well as the Feudal Lords during the 5th-15th century, they restricted the noble people from hunting (it was a popular past time for the nobles). But during the 14th century, the traditional method of hunting was changed when the gunpowder was invented. Instead of using trap, snare, bow and arrow, hunters began to use rifles and shotguns. Rifles and shotguns was easier to use, and has longer range. Though modern methods of hunting was introduced, some hunters still prefer the original weapons used in hunting for the reason that it was more challenging than the modern method. Hunting then became a very popular sport, too popular that it became widely known. But as its popularity arises, the hunted animals became fewer. In 19th century, some of the hunted animals became endangered species. The government to cope with the decreasing number of wildlife regulated the game of hunting. In some state hunting was not allowed anymore, but in some state limitations are set. People are allowed to hunt but during the hunting season only, and there is only a limited amount of animal that can be killed per hunter. Due to the restrictions imposed the number of ââ¬Å"game animalsâ⬠and endangered species were increased. But this also became a problem; the wild animals became over populated and have to allow hunting again to regulate the amount of the animals. Since then hunting became legal and became a very popular sport. Hunting was considered a recreational activity and increased the tourism of the country. Fishing on the other is the same as hunting; it was known as a source of food. Ancient people use pieces of bones as hooks and the vines as line. The Egyptians, Greeks and Romans are the civilization that already uses fishing during those times. An Egyptian writer even wrote some tips on how to fish. In the 2nd and 3rd century a Macedonian wrote about the use of artificial flies to lure fish. In the 15th century ââ¬Å"sport fishingâ⬠was introduced. It was not only become popular in America but also in Europe. When it was introduced as a ââ¬Å"sport fishingâ⬠, there was already a written book about how to use a fishing rod, how to tie knots in fishing lines and using artificial lures and flies. Many people become very interested in fishing, and these written books made fishing more popular. The ââ¬Å"sport fishingâ⬠was not a popular sport only for men but also for women. The participation of women in the ââ¬Å"sport fishingâ⬠increased the peopleââ¬â¢s interest in it. Some organizations are even built to protect the fish habitats. Just like hunting, fishing also undergone the same evolution the hunting had gone to. Through Fishing the tourism and business of the country was increased. Both hunting and fishing was already a necessity in ancient times, people gained many benefits through these methods. It even becomes a tool for survival. Until now, even though hunting and fishing were already considered as a sport or recreational activity the society still gains many benefits from it. Hunting and fishing helps the government in protecting and conserving the wildlife habitat of the country. Because of the popularity of these two sports, the government managed to gain funds to maintain the wildlife reserve. Through the system imposed, taxes are imposed on the manufacturer of weapons used on these methods and on the fuels. There also hunting and fishing fees, these system helps in regulating the wildlife habitat of the country. It even attracted hunters and fishers to create a private group to protect the fishing and wildlife habitat. Because of the protection and conservation, the country managed to maintain an abundant wildlife habitat and increased the tourism of the country. Whether in past or present, hunting and fishing had really played a vital role in the society. In continues to help the country, first for survival and then became for tourism. Hunting and fishing became a part of the culture of the America. These two sports not only provide pleasure and enjoyment, but also protection to the wildlife habitat. Maintaining these two sports was really a great help, not only for the sake of an individual but for the whole society. Sources: The Legally Structured Role of Hunting and Fishing in the US and Abroad. Available at: www. huntingreport. com. Hunting. Available at: www. encarta. msn. com. ââ¬Å"History of Fishingâ⬠. Available at: www. activeangler. com. wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3253872846559554866.post-23116562031511299312019-11-14T05:04:00.001-08:002019-11-14T05:04:03.904-08:00Abortion :: essays papersAbortion Effects of RU-486 Women who become pregnant and do not wish to have the child now have a new option, RU-486. When the abortion pill is taken, it has some effects on the female body, the main one being the end of the pregency, and some women have negative physical aspects, and finally some psychological ones also. RU-486 (abortion pill) is suppose to end the pregnecy and this is how it works. The first pill when taken works by blocking the progesterone, the female hormone made by the ovary. Progesterone is required to maintain life for the fetus. When they are blocked, the developing baby dies. Next pill prostaglandin that causes uterine contractions pushes the baby out (Giovanna 191-197). Although the pill may sound like a good idea, it does have some bad effects as well. Some of the dangers of RU-486 are severe bleeding, cramps, and diarrhea. The main effect that causes the most damage to the female body is severe bleeding. It has been noted that the average bleeding for most women is ten days. In some instances the patient had to be given a blood transfusion. In rare situations there have been two heart attacks and one death (RU 486 DANGERS AND RISKS 1-2). The abortion pill is not perfect. Sometimes it doesnââ¬â¢t work and if the unborn child is carried to term it can be born with severe disabilities. Therefore women who received RU-486 and it did not work have to have the surgical abortion (RU-486: A DEADLY DRUG 1-3). The psychological effects of RU-486 can be hard on women also. At first when the pill came around to Europe in 1991 women who received the people were sent home to deliver their dead fetus. Can you imagine what this could do to a woman? I asked one woman, what she thought about it and she said, ââ¬Å"It would have torn me apart and thatââ¬â¢s grossâ⬠(Masters, Amanda, interview, 7 November 2000). Most women are reluctant to get an abortion anyway and to be put though such emotional turmoil. Maybe this is why only six-percent of women in England use this method of abortion. The RU-486 abortion pill is now an option that pregnant women have. wendytorres1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/00646385835296372123noreply@blogger.com0