The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War Essay Example

The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War Essay The First World War raged on for four savage and bloody years, claiming lives and destroying the futures of those left behind as survivors.   As the war entered what would be seen in retrospect as its final official year, 1918, another enemy far more elusive and harder to defeat than even the most organized army would emerge on the scene in the guise of the so-called ‘Spanish Flu’.   When this pandemic is examined and discussed in comparison and contrast to the experiences of WWI, a greater understanding of human, international and military history during this pivotal time emerges.   Therefore, in this paper, these topics will be presented and interwoven with the intention, upon completion of the research, of presenting not only a story of history, but also one of humanity. An Examination of ‘Spanish Flu’ When conducting research into the ‘Spanish Flu’ pandemic of 1918-1919, one literally finds thousands of sources of information about the clinical aspects of the illness, death tolls, and the like, but information regarding the true origin of this spreading of the influenza virus is typically a bit harder to find, but worth the search, for when the facts are presented, the reality of what has been falsely attributed to a Spanish origin can be seen to actually be anything but Spanish in retrospect. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer ‘Spanish Flu’, as was suggested earlier, does not exist; as a matter of fact, the strain of influenza that was given this name actually can be traced back to an American army camp in the spring of 1918; from that camp, the sickness was carried to France by Expeditionary Forces that were allied with the French in the fighting of the war (Phillips, et al).   If this information is in fact accurate, the question arises as to how/why the name ‘Spanish’ was attached to this flu at all.   The truth of the matter is in fact multi-faceted. Generally, the world attitude toward Spain in regard to WWI was not favorable, due to the fact that the nation chose not to take a side in the war, and perhaps even more importantly, did not offer any troops, financial support, or equipment to anyone involved in the war effort itself (Larson); therefore, the stage was set for a great deal of resentment toward Spain for what was perceived as a lack of involvement in the war effort.   Moreover, during the time of WWI, when so many other nations were on the brink of destruction and bankruptcy, Spain was in fact enjoying a fair level of financial prosperity.   Whether this was due to a lack of involvement in the war is still a point of debate, but a logical conclusion can be drawn that the economy and populous of Spain would have been worse off had the nation been engaged in WWI. As news of the safety and prosperity of the Spanish nation began to spread throughout the war-stricken parts of Europe, a great deal of people, seeking to escape the ravages of war and take advantage of economic opportunity, immigrated to Spain (Page).   Because of this massive influx of people, the cities of Spain soon became less than desirable in terms of crowded living conditions, sanitation, and the like- a breeding ground for disease.   Upon this stage, sources indicate that many French refugees came to Spain, and many of these individuals were carriers of the influenza that has been traced back to American soldiers; therefore, the flu ravaged Spain and was exported when people, who did not have familial or economic ties to Spain, came and went with regularity.   In this sense, the biggest export from Spain at the time was in fact the flu, but it was not due to any action or inaction on the part of the Spanish people, government, or medical system.   The reality is that this flu could actually be more accurately called the ‘American Flu† if the criterion for naming it is the nation/nationality that originated the sickness in the first place. The Spanish press of the day can also be seen to have played a role in the creation of the term ‘Spanish Flu’.   Once the illness had begun to heavily affect those living in Spain, whether they were citizens, of Spanish descent or not, the national newspapers carried extensive accounts of the experiences of those afflicted, death tolls, and other associated news items (Phillips, et al).   The reality is that whatever the intention of Spanish reporters sensationalistic or not, the net effect was to give Spain an unfair burden of guilt as the â€Å"creators† of the influenza epidemic which began in 1918. The Experience of the First World War The experience of   WWI was more complex than one may imagine, even from its beginning, and once again, research reveals that much lurks beneath the surface of the traditional version of how the war started and progressed.   There was more to the onset of the war then the event of an Austrian prince being   murdered in Serbia, as is what most people consider to be the cause of World War I.   Ã‚  Furthermore, the effects of the war were not just concentrated to a post-war era lasting for a generation of Westerners.   Rather, it was the breaking point for Austria in its dealings with Serbia. The truth of the matter is that several factors played a role in the outbreak of the war.   WWI truly was the result of building aggressions among the countries of Europe which was backed by the rise of nationalism. To add to the disastrous pot, there was also imperial competition along with the fear of war prompting military alliances and arms  Ã‚  race.   All of these increased the escalating tensions that lead to the outbreak of WWI (Higham, et al). Another experience to come out of WWI was the first of what would become many â€Å"arms races†. With the hostile divisions of the nations of Europe   there came the expansion of armies and navies. Furthermore, the great powers came to copy Germany’s military   organization and efficiency, which called for universal registration for military duty, large reserves and detailed planning (Coetzee, et al). Efforts were made for universal disarmament, but the escalation of weapons continued unrestricted, much like a case of history repeating itself, when looked upon from the perspective of the arms races of today. The extreme popularity of the development of more and more weapons during the WWI era also served as a catalyst for another occurrence which even today is viewed as barbaric and unacceptable in virtually all war situations- chemical weapons and warfare.   Much like the more aptly named ‘American Flu’ used a naturally occurring situation to claim millions of lives, the scientists of the WWI era began to harness the power of chemical reactions to create weapons such as Mustard Gas, which would, without distinction between soldiers and civilians, literally poison men, women, and children en masse.   In fact, there is also evidence to suggest that these chemical weapons were not originated by crazed military geniuses, but rather were based upon the discoveries and studies conducted by some of the most brilliant minds of chemistry, found in the universities of the world (Russell).   In an ironic twist, chemicals originally formulated as pesticides, ostensibly to improve the lives of individuals, were adapted for the purposes of war and killing people by the thousands, indiscriminately (Russell). The experience of WWI also set the stage for some of the worst events that would befall human history in the decades to come.   In 1929 the American stock market came to a   crashing halt.   With the financial crisis also came a decrease of production, and naturally this lead to widespread unemployment. The era of the Great Depression was also the era of the rise of political dictatorship throughout Europe. These dictatorships involved a new form of tyranny and were most evident in the rise of Nazi Germany and particularly, Adolf Hitler. It is believed by many that Hitler would never have came to power if it had not been for the sounding defeat and humiliation of Germany as the result of WWI and its immediate aftermath (Luckhurst). Interrelationship Between The Elements Looking at the relationship between the experiences of what is commonly called ‘Spanish Flu’ and World War I, there are both concrete and abstract relationships between the two that emerge, and can be identified and discussed. First, the concrete associations between these elements virtually jump out at even the most casual researcher, and the parallels manifest themselves: both elements grew with tremendous ferocity to claim millions of lives, and leave behind nothing but misery and sadness for the survivors, most of whom spent the rest of their lives trying to understand exactly what happened, why it happened, and what can be done to prevent such a horrible tragedy from ever showing itself again.   Both elements, once they reached full speed so to speak, were unstoppable, and had to quite literally â€Å"run their course† before they subsided (Coetzee).   Moreover, both of these provided hollow victories, for both war and disease would emerge time and time again, and do so even in the 21st century.   Likewise, war and disease evolved for the worse during the time of WWI, and no one was able to find a way to complete erase either from the face of the earth. More abstract relationships between the two can also be seen; perhaps one of the most interesting common threads can be seen in the role of the media in both events.   In the case of the influenza outbreak, evidence presented earlier in this paper showed that the frenzy that was generated by the media led to the misnaming of the so-called ‘Spanish Flu’, and no amount of attempts to correct the error, after being placed in the minds of the people by the media of the day, could reach any level of effectiveness.   Also, those who carried the flu, as was also discussed earlier, were likely attracted to Spain in the first place by the media accounts of safety, freedom and economic prosperity in Spain, while the majority of the rest of the world was in the grips of a war that had the potential to destroy everyone and everything.   Therefore, it would not be too much of a leap to say that the media carried the influenza epidemic as much as the human body did. From an abstract viewpoint, the overall idea of frailty of human life is also critically important.   In an old adage, whose originator is lost to obscurity, it was once said that â€Å"man plans- God laughs†, meaning that for all that we think we control in the human condition, essentially, we in reality control very little.   Keeping this in mind, whether one is talking about a chemical weapon, human illness, or the natural tendency of man to conflict with other men in a pursuit of power and control of the physical world, there are some elements which are uncontrollable, no matter what one may attempt to manipulate.  Ã‚   As much as the human race may kid itself, and lull into a false sense of security by thinking that everything is in control and that the future can be at its brightest, the reality is that nothing is for certain.   Disease and war, as presented in this paper, are prime examples of this. Conclusion This paper has shown the concrete and abstract associations between war and disease, as well as the complexities of the human condition.   In closing, perhaps the best information that can be drawn from the research is that the human race, as has been said time and time again, must either learn from history or be condemned to repeat it.   Perhaps, finally, no wiser words have ever been said. The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War Essay Example The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War Essay The First World War raged on for four savage and bloody years, claiming lives and destroying the futures of those left behind as survivors.   As the war entered what would be seen in retrospect as its final official year, 1918, another enemy far more elusive and harder to defeat than even the most organized army would emerge on the scene in the guise of the so-called ‘Spanish Flu’.   When this pandemic is examined and discussed in comparison and contrast to the experiences of WWI, a greater understanding of human, international and military history during this pivotal time emerges.   Therefore, in this paper, these topics will be presented and interwoven with the intention, upon completion of the research, of presenting not only a story of history, but also one of humanity. An Examination of ‘Spanish Flu’ When conducting research into the ‘Spanish Flu’ pandemic of 1918-1919, one literally finds thousands of sources of information about the clinical aspects of the illness, death tolls, and the like, but information regarding the true origin of this spreading of the influenza virus is typically a bit harder to find, but worth the search, for when the facts are presented, the reality of what has been falsely attributed to a Spanish origin can be seen to actually be anything but Spanish in retrospect. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer ‘Spanish Flu’, as was suggested earlier, does not exist; as a matter of fact, the strain of influenza that was given this name actually can be traced back to an American army camp in the spring of 1918; from that camp, the sickness was carried to France by Expeditionary Forces that were allied with the French in the fighting of the war (Phillips, et al).   If this information is in fact accurate, the question arises as to how/why the name ‘Spanish’ was attached to this flu at all.   The truth of the matter is in fact multi-faceted. Generally, the world attitude toward Spain in regard to WWI was not favorable, due to the fact that the nation chose not to take a side in the war, and perhaps even more importantly, did not offer any troops, financial support, or equipment to anyone involved in the war effort itself (Larson); therefore, the stage was set for a great deal of resentment toward Spain for what was perceived as a lack of involvement in the war effort.   Moreover, during the time of WWI, when so many other nations were on the brink of destruction and bankruptcy, Spain was in fact enjoying a fair level of financial prosperity.   Whether this was due to a lack of involvement in the war is still a point of debate, but a logical conclusion can be drawn that the economy and populous of Spain would have been worse off had the nation been engaged in WWI. As news of the safety and prosperity of the Spanish nation began to spread throughout the war-stricken parts of Europe, a great deal of people, seeking to escape the ravages of war and take advantage of economic opportunity, immigrated to Spain (Page).   Because of this massive influx of people, the cities of Spain soon became less than desirable in terms of crowded living conditions, sanitation, and the like- a breeding ground for disease.   Upon this stage, sources indicate that many French refugees came to Spain, and many of these individuals were carriers of the influenza that has been traced back to American soldiers; therefore, the flu ravaged Spain and was exported when people, who did not have familial or economic ties to Spain, came and went with regularity.   In this sense, the biggest export from Spain at the time was in fact the flu, but it was not due to any action or inaction on the part of the Spanish people, government, or medical system.   The reality is that this flu could actually be more accurately called the ‘American Flu† if the criterion for naming it is the nation/nationality that originated the sickness in the first place. The Spanish press of the day can also be seen to have played a role in the creation of the term ‘Spanish Flu’.   Once the illness had begun to heavily affect those living in Spain, whether they were citizens, of Spanish descent or not, the national newspapers carried extensive accounts of the experiences of those afflicted, death tolls, and other associated news items (Phillips, et al).   The reality is that whatever the intention of Spanish reporters sensationalistic or not, the net effect was to give Spain an unfair burden of guilt as the â€Å"creators† of the influenza epidemic which began in 1918. The Experience of the First World War The experience of   WWI was more complex than one may imagine, even from its beginning, and once again, research reveals that much lurks beneath the surface of the traditional version of how the war started and progressed.   There was more to the onset of the war then the event of an Austrian prince being   murdered in Serbia, as is what most people consider to be the cause of World War I.   Ã‚  Furthermore, the effects of the war were not just concentrated to a post-war era lasting for a generation of Westerners.   Rather, it was the breaking point for Austria in its dealings with Serbia. The truth of the matter is that several factors played a role in the outbreak of the war.   WWI truly was the result of building aggressions among the countries of Europe which was backed by the rise of nationalism. To add to the disastrous pot, there was also imperial competition along with the fear of war prompting military alliances and arms  Ã‚  race.   All of these increased the escalating tensions that lead to the outbreak of WWI (Higham, et al). Another experience to come out of WWI was the first of what would become many â€Å"arms races†. With the hostile divisions of the nations of Europe   there came the expansion of armies and navies. Furthermore, the great powers came to copy Germany’s military   organization and efficiency, which called for universal registration for military duty, large reserves and detailed planning (Coetzee, et al). Efforts were made for universal disarmament, but the escalation of weapons continued unrestricted, much like a case of history repeating itself, when looked upon from the perspective of the arms races of today. The extreme popularity of the development of more and more weapons during the WWI era also served as a catalyst for another occurrence which even today is viewed as barbaric and unacceptable in virtually all war situations- chemical weapons and warfare.   Much like the more aptly named ‘American Flu’ used a naturally occurring situation to claim millions of lives, the scientists of the WWI era began to harness the power of chemical reactions to create weapons such as Mustard Gas, which would, without distinction between soldiers and civilians, literally poison men, women, and children en masse.   In fact, there is also evidence to suggest that these chemical weapons were not originated by crazed military geniuses, but rather were based upon the discoveries and studies conducted by some of the most brilliant minds of chemistry, found in the universities of the world (Russell).   In an ironic twist, chemicals originally formulated as pesticides, ostensibly to improve the lives of individuals, were adapted for the purposes of war and killing people by the thousands, indiscriminately (Russell). The experience of WWI also set the stage for some of the worst events that would befall human history in the decades to come.   In 1929 the American stock market came to a   crashing halt.   With the financial crisis also came a decrease of production, and naturally this lead to widespread unemployment. The era of the Great Depression was also the era of the rise of political dictatorship throughout Europe. These dictatorships involved a new form of tyranny and were most evident in the rise of Nazi Germany and particularly, Adolf Hitler. It is believed by many that Hitler would never have came to power if it had not been for the sounding defeat and humiliation of Germany as the result of WWI and its immediate aftermath (Luckhurst). Interrelationship Between The Elements Looking at the relationship between the experiences of what is commonly called ‘Spanish Flu’ and World War I, there are both concrete and abstract relationships between the two that emerge, and can be identified and discussed. First, the concrete associations between these elements virtually jump out at even the most casual researcher, and the parallels manifest themselves: both elements grew with tremendous ferocity to claim millions of lives, and leave behind nothing but misery and sadness for the survivors, most of whom spent the rest of their lives trying to understand exactly what happened, why it happened, and what can be done to prevent such a horrible tragedy from ever showing itself again.   Both elements, once they reached full speed so to speak, were unstoppable, and had to quite literally â€Å"run their course† before they subsided (Coetzee).   Moreover, both of these provided hollow victories, for both war and disease would emerge time and time again, and do so even in the 21st century.   Likewise, war and disease evolved for the worse during the time of WWI, and no one was able to find a way to complete erase either from the face of the earth. More abstract relationships between the two can also be seen; perhaps one of the most interesting common threads can be seen in the role of the media in both events.   In the case of the influenza outbreak, evidence presented earlier in this paper showed that the frenzy that was generated by the media led to the misnaming of the so-called ‘Spanish Flu’, and no amount of attempts to correct the error, after being placed in the minds of the people by the media of the day, could reach any level of effectiveness.   Also, those who carried the flu, as was also discussed earlier, were likely attracted to Spain in the first place by the media accounts of safety, freedom and economic prosperity in Spain, while the majority of the rest of the world was in the grips of a war that had the potential to destroy everyone and everything.   Therefore, it would not be too much of a leap to say that the media carried the influenza epidemic as much as the human body did. From an abstract viewpoint, the overall idea of frailty of human life is also critically important.   In an old adage, whose originator is lost to obscurity, it was once said that â€Å"man plans- God laughs†, meaning that for all that we think we control in the human condition, essentially, we in reality control very little.   Keeping this in mind, whether one is talking about a chemical weapon, human illness, or the natural tendency of man to conflict with other men in a pursuit of power and control of the physical world, there are some elements which are uncontrollable, no matter what one may attempt to manipulate.  Ã‚   As much as the human race may kid itself, and lull into a false sense of security by thinking that everything is in control and that the future can be at its brightest, the reality is that nothing is for certain.   Disease and war, as presented in this paper, are prime examples of this. Conclusion This paper has shown the concrete and abstract associations between war and disease, as well as the complexities of the human condition.   In closing, perhaps the best information that can be drawn from the research is that the human race, as has been said time and time again, must either learn from history or be condemned to repeat it.   Perhaps, finally, no wiser words have ever been said.

Robinson Crusoe essays

Robinson Crusoe essays Books about voyages and new discoveries were exceedingly popular in the first quarter of the 18-th century and many stories of this kind had been written but while Defoe was busy with politics he did not think of also trying his hand at it. However a story that appeared in one of the Steeles magazines, The Englishmen, attracted his attention. It was about Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch sailor. He had left England for a voyage to the Southern Seas in 1704. The ship was not seaworthy, and Selkirk who had quarreled with his captain insisted on going ashore. He was put ashore on a desert island where he lived quite alone for 4 years and 4 months. In 1709 he was picked up by a passing vessel. Steel had heard the story from the captain of the ship that had brought Selkirk home. Selkirks story of the island of Juan Ferdinance interested Defoe so much that he decided to use the story for a book. His hero, Robinson Crusoe, however, spent 26 years on a desert island. The novel is a praise to human labour and the triumph of man over nature. Labour and fortitude help Robinson to endure hardships. They save him from despair. The very process of hard work gives him satisfaction. Defoe was a great master of realistic detail. When reading his minute description of Crusoes life and work, one fells that the person who wrote it must have lived through all the adventures himself, because they are so well described, even though most of them are rather improbable. Defoes sense of contact with the reader is felt in the clarity of his style. The charm of the novel lies in Robinson as a person. Defoe shows the development of his hero. T the beginning of the story we see an unexperienced youth, a rather frivolous boy, who then becomes a strong willed man, able to withstand all the calamities of his unusual destiny. Alone and defenseless Crusoe tried to be reasonable in order to master his despondency (loss of hope and...

Overview of Cnidarians

Overview of Cnidarians A cnidarian is an  invertebrate  in the Phylum Cnidaria. This phylum includes  corals, sea anemones, sea jellies (jellyfish), sea pens, and hydras. Pronunciation: Nid-air-ee-an Also Known As: Coelenterate, Coelenterata Characteristics of Cnidarians Cnidarians  exhibit radial symmetry, which means their body parts are arranged symmetrically around a central axis. So, if you drew a line from any point at the edge of a cnidarian through the center and to the other side, youd have two roughly equal halves. Cnidarians also have tentacles. These tentacles have  stinging structures called cnidocytes, which bear  nematocysts.  Cnidarians got their name from these stinging structures.  The word cnidarian comes from the Greek word  knide  (nettle).   The presence of nematocysts is a key feature of cnidarians. Cnidarians can use their tentacles for defense or for capturing prey.   Although they can sting, not all cnidarians pose a threat to humans. Some, like the box jellyfish, have very potent toxins in their tentacles, but others, like moon jellies, have toxins that dont have enough power to sting us. Cnidarians have two body layers called the epidermis and gastrodermis. Sandwiched in between is a jelly-like substance called  mesoglea. Examples of Cnidarians   As a large group comprised of thousands of species, cnidarians can be pretty diverse in their form. Overall, though, they have two main body plans: polypoid, in which the mouth faces up (e.g., anemones) and medusoid, in which the mouth faces down (e.g., jellyfish). Cnidarians may go through stages in their life cycle in which they experience each of these body plans. There are several major groups of cnidarians: Anthozoa:  sea anemones, sea pens, and corals. These animals have a  polypoid body plan and attach to a substrate, such as other animals, rocks or algae.Hydrozoa:  hydrozoans, also known as hydromedusae or hydroids. These organisms alternate between polyp and medusa stages and are usually colonial organisms. Siphonophores, which include Portuguese man-of-war and by-the-wind sailors, are examples of animals in the Class Hydrozoa. Most cnidarians are marine organisms, but there are some hydrozoan species that live in fresh water.Scyphozoa or Scyphomedusae:  true jellyfish  are in the Class Scyphozoa. These animals are known for their bell shape with dangling oral arms. Some jellyfish have tentacles also. The lions mane jellyfish is the largest species, with tentacles that may stretch more than 100 feet.Cubozoa:  box jellyfish. These animals have a cube-shaped bell, with tentacles dangling from each corner. The sea wasp, a type of box jellyfish, is said to be the most venomo us marine animal.Staurozoa: stalked jellyfish or Stauromedusae.  These strange-looking, trumpet-shaped animals arent free-swimming like regular jellyfish.  Instead, they attach to rocks or seaweed and are typically found in cold water. Myxozoa:  Ã‚  parasitic microorganisms that evolved from jellyfish  There has been debate over the years over where these animals should be classified - the latest research places them in the Cnidaria phylum, and an important piece of evidence is that these creatures have nematocysts.  Myxozoa species can affect fish, worms, amphibians, reptiles, and even mammals. One economic impact is that they can affect farmed fish such as salmon. Smallest and Largest Cnidarians The smallest cnidarian is a hydra with the scientific name  Psammohydra nanna. This animal is less than half a millimeter in size.   The largest non-colonial cnidarian is the lions mane jellyfish. As mentioned above, the tentacles are thought to stretch more than 100 feet. The bell of this jellyfish can be over 8 feet across. Of colonial cnidarians, the longest is the giant siphonophore, which can grow to over 130 feet. Sources de Lazaro, E. 2015. Myxozoans: Widespread Parasites Are Actually Micro Jellyfish. Sci-News.com. Accessed February 27, 2016.Ocean Portal. Jellyfish and Comb Jellies. Accessed February 27, 2016.  Sadava, D.E., Hillis, D.M., Heller, H.C. and M. Berenbaum. 2009. Life: The Science of Biology, Volume 2. Macmillan.University of California Museum of Paleontology. Introduction to the Hydrozoa. Accessed February 27, 2016.WoRMS. 2015. Myxozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species. February 27, 2016.

Equalization in Canada verses Equalization in Australia Essay

Equalization in Canada verses Equalization in Australia - Essay Example Equalization is one of four major federal transfer programs. The others are the Canada Health Transfer, the Canada Social Transfer, and the Territorial Formula Financing (the main source of revenue for territorial governments). Equalization is the federal government's main device for reducing fiscal inequalities between the 'have and have-not' provinces (Mapleleafweb). The grant to receive equalization funding is calculated by a formula assessing each province's revenue raising ability against a five-province standard. Presently eight Canadian provinces receive equalization: Quebec, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Saskatchewan. This program is the Canadian government's most important initiative for reducing fiscal discrepancies between provinces (Equalization Program). Equalization payments allow less prosperous provincial governments to offer their residents public services such as hospital fees, electricity, water and other basics that are comparable to those in other provinces and at similar taxation levels. Each province receives unconditional equalization payments. ... For 2005-06 eight provinces are expected to qualify for $10.9 billion in equalization entitlements. The provincial governments may spend the equalization money they receive in any way they desire, unlike conditional transfer payments such as the Canada Health and Social Transfer. The equalization payments guarantee equal levels of health care, education, and welfare in all the provinces. Equalization payments do not involve payment transfers from wealthy provinces to poorer provinces. Instead the federal treasury provides the funds for these payments. In other words, for example, a wealthy citizen from a poorer province like New Brunswick, pays more into equalization than a poorer citizen in wealthy province like Ontario. Since Ontario has a bigger population and wealth, the citizens of Ontario as a whole pay more federal taxes and therefore their total contribution in equalization payments is greater than that of New Brunswick. Equalization payments also aid by encouraging national unity. Quebec, the most populous of the poorer provinces, is the largest single beneficiary of the payments. 70% of the 10 million Canadians of the poorer provinces reside in Quebec when British Columbia and Saskatchewan are removed. The history of Equalization dates back to Confederation and the Constitution Act of 1867. Two basic principles that Canada's founding fathers based the separation of legislative powers: 1) The central government must retain much of its revenue generating power for the purpose of building railroads 2) 'Coordinate federalism' in which provincial governments act independently and autonomously within predefined powers and must be the basis for the division of powers between provinces and the central government. The great

Ethics in Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics in Strategic Management - Essay Example Contemporary development in services dealing with finance has prompted stakeholders to question corporations’ moral obligation. These obligations together with business ethics provide important and integral part in the process of strategic management. Early management proponents showed the needs of CEOs to be morally responsible (Barnand, 1938). Executives should be ethical to their customers. Organizations endure the ethical breadth via which their governing is based. Moral responsibility is attached to executives to the people they serve. Likewise, they are responsible for the inspiration via leadership and creation of trust through understanding and common purpose. Those who pioneered strategic thinking advocated for ethics in decision making. Corporate strategy is defined as an organizational process that cannot be separated from behavior, culture and structure of a firm. This provides enterprise strategy basis by definition of context in which those firms operate in both economic and human terms. In the last ten years, there has been the development of ethics and strategic management. Strategic management originated recently and has been accepted in planning and business policy fields. Nevertheless, ethics is a different field that is still evolving, and up to date it has not troubled strategic management academics. Stakeholder's interests have internal worth despite it advancing shareholders interest. From this point of view, an organization’s success should not be viewed as an end but also as a means for advancing stakeholders interest. Ethical analysis is the only way for resolving conflicts in goals and values; it is important in strategic management.... In the 1970s, the technique of strategizing thrived in business schools. Corporate strategy if defined as decisions pattern of a company that reveals and determine its goals, objective or purposes, produces policies and make plans on achievement of the objectives, and defines type of business a company is likely to pursue. While there are similarities between ethics and strategy, there are misunderstandings between the two. Recent thinking in management developments have converged the two. The notion on ethics and strategy are distinct, and separate fields do not hold of recent. Unless it acknowledged that the two should be closely integrated, more problems might be experienced and failures in business. Ethical issues Moral and Morality Problems Morality deals with beliefs, values and norms embedded in a process which define wrong and right for a particular society. The manager is characterized as a moral individual in accordance to the traits. With the moral values, a manager should convey ethical messages, which others can notice. Problems related to morality are associated to harm caused by others. Harming others do not bring any good but prevention of it promotes good. It can be debated that moral issues related to strategic management are complicated because harms caused to other individuals are predictably related to benefits of others. For instance, transformation of an economy to an economy of low wage harms workers who have been displaced but benefits the newly recruited employees and existing stakeholders. Ethical Analysis The policy behind the analysis of ethics can be linked to point of view which claims that principles of ethics are not measures of subjection which vary with economic and cultural conditions. In the real sense, they are first

Attachment Theory Essay Example for Free

Attachment Theory Essay Hunting and Fishing has been a part of the past and present of America. It plays a vital role in the history. Even in the society today, hunting and fishing contributes a lot in the society. Centuries ago, hunting and fishing are means of survival for the ancient people. But as years pass development began, and the traditional ways of surviving has also developed. The number of hunting and fishing had also decreased. People using hunting and fishing for survival become lesser because of agricultural and industrial development. The purpose of hunting and fishing was also changed, as a survival means to sports. Hunting and fishing was said to be a significant activity in the history and to the society of today. But how does hunting and fishing began? And how it evolved from survival means to a popular sport? Hunting was a way of killing wild animals to obtain something, during the ancient times a person hunts to obtain food, clothing and shelter. It was a necessity during those times; hunting was the primary source of the basic needs of the people. A person hunts to be able to provide the family food, fur and leather for clothing, and hide for shelter. Those times having a good source of the group’s needs makes a strong foundation, it helps a tribe or a group survive. Through the centuries development had occurred and also changed the ways of people, one of these ways is hunting. Hunting gradually lost its purpose as the primary source of food due to agricultural development and manufacturing. But because of the challenge and excitement it offers, people enjoyed hunting and considered it as a past time which later become a sport. Egyptians, Greeks and Romans considered hunting as a sport. For the Greeks, hunting develops a healthy body and well-being. It is not only now that hunting has regulating law, during the 13th century Kublai Khan, a Mongol emperor restrained his subjects from hunting. As well as the Feudal Lords during the 5th-15th century, they restricted the noble people from hunting (it was a popular past time for the nobles). But during the 14th century, the traditional method of hunting was changed when the gunpowder was invented. Instead of using trap, snare, bow and arrow, hunters began to use rifles and shotguns. Rifles and shotguns was easier to use, and has longer range. Though modern methods of hunting was introduced, some hunters still prefer the original weapons used in hunting for the reason that it was more challenging than the modern method. Hunting then became a very popular sport, too popular that it became widely known. But as its popularity arises, the hunted animals became fewer. In 19th century, some of the hunted animals became endangered species. The government to cope with the decreasing number of wildlife regulated the game of hunting. In some state hunting was not allowed anymore, but in some state limitations are set. People are allowed to hunt but during the hunting season only, and there is only a limited amount of animal that can be killed per hunter. Due to the restrictions imposed the number of â€Å"game animals† and endangered species were increased. But this also became a problem; the wild animals became over populated and have to allow hunting again to regulate the amount of the animals. Since then hunting became legal and became a very popular sport. Hunting was considered a recreational activity and increased the tourism of the country. Fishing on the other is the same as hunting; it was known as a source of food. Ancient people use pieces of bones as hooks and the vines as line. The Egyptians, Greeks and Romans are the civilization that already uses fishing during those times. An Egyptian writer even wrote some tips on how to fish. In the 2nd and 3rd century a Macedonian wrote about the use of artificial flies to lure fish. In the 15th century â€Å"sport fishing† was introduced. It was not only become popular in America but also in Europe. When it was introduced as a â€Å"sport fishing†, there was already a written book about how to use a fishing rod, how to tie knots in fishing lines and using artificial lures and flies. Many people become very interested in fishing, and these written books made fishing more popular. The â€Å"sport fishing† was not a popular sport only for men but also for women. The participation of women in the â€Å"sport fishing† increased the people’s interest in it. Some organizations are even built to protect the fish habitats. Just like hunting, fishing also undergone the same evolution the hunting had gone to. Through Fishing the tourism and business of the country was increased. Both hunting and fishing was already a necessity in ancient times, people gained many benefits through these methods. It even becomes a tool for survival. Until now, even though hunting and fishing were already considered as a sport or recreational activity the society still gains many benefits from it. Hunting and fishing helps the government in protecting and conserving the wildlife habitat of the country. Because of the popularity of these two sports, the government managed to gain funds to maintain the wildlife reserve. Through the system imposed, taxes are imposed on the manufacturer of weapons used on these methods and on the fuels. There also hunting and fishing fees, these system helps in regulating the wildlife habitat of the country. It even attracted hunters and fishers to create a private group to protect the fishing and wildlife habitat. Because of the protection and conservation, the country managed to maintain an abundant wildlife habitat and increased the tourism of the country. Whether in past or present, hunting and fishing had really played a vital role in the society. In continues to help the country, first for survival and then became for tourism. Hunting and fishing became a part of the culture of the America. These two sports not only provide pleasure and enjoyment, but also protection to the wildlife habitat. Maintaining these two sports was really a great help, not only for the sake of an individual but for the whole society. Sources: The Legally Structured Role of Hunting and Fishing in the US and Abroad. Available at: www. huntingreport. com. Hunting. Available at: www. encarta. msn. com. â€Å"History of Fishing†. Available at: www. activeangler. com.

Abortion :: essays papers

Abortion Effects of RU-486 Women who become pregnant and do not wish to have the child now have a new option, RU-486. When the abortion pill is taken, it has some effects on the female body, the main one being the end of the pregency, and some women have negative physical aspects, and finally some psychological ones also. RU-486 (abortion pill) is suppose to end the pregnecy and this is how it works. The first pill when taken works by blocking the progesterone, the female hormone made by the ovary. Progesterone is required to maintain life for the fetus. When they are blocked, the developing baby dies. Next pill prostaglandin that causes uterine contractions pushes the baby out (Giovanna 191-197). Although the pill may sound like a good idea, it does have some bad effects as well. Some of the dangers of RU-486 are severe bleeding, cramps, and diarrhea. The main effect that causes the most damage to the female body is severe bleeding. It has been noted that the average bleeding for most women is ten days. In some instances the patient had to be given a blood transfusion. In rare situations there have been two heart attacks and one death (RU 486 DANGERS AND RISKS 1-2). The abortion pill is not perfect. Sometimes it doesn’t work and if the unborn child is carried to term it can be born with severe disabilities. Therefore women who received RU-486 and it did not work have to have the surgical abortion (RU-486: A DEADLY DRUG 1-3). The psychological effects of RU-486 can be hard on women also. At first when the pill came around to Europe in 1991 women who received the people were sent home to deliver their dead fetus. Can you imagine what this could do to a woman? I asked one woman, what she thought about it and she said, â€Å"It would have torn me apart and that’s gross† (Masters, Amanda, interview, 7 November 2000). Most women are reluctant to get an abortion anyway and to be put though such emotional turmoil. Maybe this is why only six-percent of women in England use this method of abortion. The RU-486 abortion pill is now an option that pregnant women have.

Pro/Con Immigration reform

The United States should Issue visas to illegal immigrants. PROS 1: CLAIM: Guest workers are primarily here to benefit the agriculture and the high tech sectors of the economy. WARRANT(S): -In 2007 about 70% of jobs for working in agricultural fields are filled by foreign born which thus improve our economy. IMPACT(S):They increase agricultural and high tech sectors of economy because they take Jobs that can't or won't be filled by non immigrants in the US.Thus they are able o improve the economy. 2:CLAIM: Mexico relies on the US dollar to bring In and Increase or benefit the economy. – Mexico relies on immigrant family money to families here because the money goes towards the government as well. If we don't allow immigrant workers to work in the US it could hurt relations between the US and Mexico. It could also hurt the Mexican economy. CONS 2:CLAIM: An overpopulation can decrease Jobs. The overpopulation or the wave of immigrants that came in 20 years ago did no aid n stopp ing or decreasing immigrant flow IMPACT(S): -This will cause a big mass flood of immigrants and can cause overpopulation. 1 :CLAIM: It will encourage immigrants to migrate to the US. 20 years ago there was a tidal wave of immigrants due to the granting of visas. This will attract more immigrants and will cause a decrease in Jobs and be a danger to the economy. Immigrants can be good but too many can be dangerous. 3:Calm: We will have to pay for more immigrant workers retirement money.

The Other Side of Email

The Other Side of Email Electronic communication has become a part of every aspect of our society and is recognized as being one of the most important and influential aspects of the way we carry out business. The days of anxiously waiting by the mailbox for news from a long distance relative or lover are over. We no longer send cute, labor intensive, hand written letters to relatives, and close ones. Instead, they are sent via e-mails. Email-type technology has made it much easier to contact other people in the same city, and even others around the world. In other words, instead of actually taking the time to write a letter to a friend through the mail, one can send an e-mail that takes about three seconds opposed to three or more days. In the article â€Å"The Other Side of E-Mail,† author Robert Kuttner explains the other side of email and technology, the dark side. Kuttner says that although, technology offers us many conveniences, such as being able to send and receive messages instantly, it brings along many drawbacks, such as privacy infringement. I agree with Kuttner’s thoughts on these downsides of technology. In my opinion, internet and email technology has definitively made our lives easier, but it has put our personal information at risk, significantly limited privacy, and leads to a waste of our time on a daily basis. Kuttner describes several negative effects of messaging technology. First one is that we might waste too much time in the E-mail and our privacy might be compromised. Social networking sites, like Facebook, have gotten users hooked on to the internet as if it were a drug. Almost every person I can think of has a Facebook account now days. A recent survey estimates that more than 85% of all college students use Facebook and more than 30 million users update their status at least once each day. Although, Facebook is a marvelous communicating media, hardly anything gets accomplished there. From personal experience, I have found it to be a massive waste of time that has people from all around the world addicted to it. The new, fancy technology in general is a waste of money and time. College students get caught up in the sweet talks of salesmen, and buy tablets, and other expensive gadgets to allow them to take notes in class etc. however, none of that note taking ever takes place. Most end up playing video games and texting in class, which is a step backward, not forward. Statistics also show that there is a relationship between divorce rates and Facebook, as it conveniently allows couples to stalk one another. Gary Traystman, a divorce attorney in New London, Conn. , said that of the 15 cases he handled in 2011 where co mputer history, texts and emails are admitted as evidence, 70% exclusively involve Facebook. The biggest problem with internet and messaging technology, however, is security. The fact that every bit of information about us is stored on the internet and can easily be stolen is nerve-wracking. Communication sites like Facebook, MySpace have the user’s full name, their date of birth, email ID, and even their phone numbers. All of that information can be accessed with the click of a button. The consequences of that can obviously be extremely dangerous. The internet is also filled with email scammers, and hackers. My uncle was recently scammed via the email. He made an online deal to purchase a car, which turned out to be a scam that took away $15,000 from his bank account. The clever scammer was never caught. That’s just one instance of how upsetting, and demoralizing the internet can be. Email is the main communicating media of the 21st century. When you register for banking or gaming accounts online, or even make online purchases, you are required to enter an E-mail address. If that email account is hacked, which happens frequently, all of your personal information can be stolen. In 2011, Sony’s online gaming servers were hacked, and â€Å"Hackers may have stolen the personal information of 24. 6 million Sony Online Entertainment users†, the company said. More than 20,000 credit card and bank account numbers were also put at risk. † There are many other demoralizing aspects of internet based technology, such as pornography. Children that learn how to use a computer at a young age are introduced to such content at an age that they shouldn’t be. This significantly hinders their future progress and affects their morals. Children adapt a lifestyle of sitting at home, playing with their iPods, Laptops and other internet devices, as opposed to playing sports, spending time with their relatives and family. This has led to a social disaster, especially in the U. S. , where we are so consumed by technology. As final remarks, I believe that the internet and emailing technology have completely revolutionized the world, however, it also led to many serious problems, such as infringement of privacy, wastage of time, and aiding in the leakage of personal information to online hackers. These concerns along with many others make emailing and internet not as divine and marvelous as we may think. Works Cited â€Å"Does Facebook Wreck Marriages? † – Real-Time Advice. N. p. , n. . Web. 31 Oct. 2012. . Haisha, Lisa. â€Å"Is Your Facebook Addiction a Sign of Loneliness? † The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost. com, 13 Apr. 2010. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Sony Hacked Again; 25 Million Entertainment Users’ Info at Risk. † Wired. com. Conde Nast Digital, 30 Apr. 0011. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. .

In January 2004, the Council and European Parliament Essays

In January 2004, the Council and European Parliament Essays In January 2004, the Council and European Parliament Essay In January 2004, the Council and European Parliament Essay In January 2004, the Council and European Parliament adopted, based on Article 13 EC, ( fabricated ) Directive 2004/1/EC on non-discrimination in theprovision of lodging ( the Housing Directive ) . The Housing Directive provides, in Article 1, that the intent of Directive 2004/1/EC is to put down a general model for protecting cardinal rights and battling favoritism on evidences of sex, racial or cultural beginning, faith or belief, disablement, age or sexual orientation, with a position to seting into consequence in the Member States the rule of equal intervention . The range of the Housing Directive extends to all individuals, in both public and private sectors, and concerns conditions for entree to lodging, and footings and conditions on which lodging contracts are based. The Housing Directive provides that Member States must guarantee that, in proviso of lodging within each Member State, the rule of non-discrimination and regard for the right to househol d life are secured. The Housing Directive must be implemented by 1 January 2006. In September 2004, in the ( fabricated ) instance of Lemona, the European Court of Justice held that the Housing Directive protects the right to household life of households with both heterosexual and homosexual parents. In May 2005, the UK adopts the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005. This Act provides that lodging contracts must be consistent with the rule of non-discrimination and must esteem human rights, as recognised in the Human Rights Act. However, ( fabricated ) law of the UK House of Lords has interpreted the right to household life in the context of lodging as widening merely to traditional households, with heterosexual parents. In June 2005, N and M, a sapphic twosome, with two kids, use to Northshire Housing Authority for exigency populace sector lodging, following an onslaught on M by her old spouse, O. The Northshire Housing Authority s internal regulations provide that exigency populace sector lodging must be provided within 24 hours for families at hazard , which includes those where the physical security of members of the household is threatened. However, the internal regulations define family as heterosexual twosomes, or individual parents, and their kids. The Northshire H ousing Authority hence refuses to supply exigency populace sector lodging for N and M. N and M seek judicial reappraisal of this determination. The national tribunal refers the instance to the European Court of Justice. [ 1 ] What inquiriesshouldthe national tribunal refer in N A ; M s instance? It should be noted at the beginning that the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005 does non specifically purport to implement EC Directive 2004/1/EC, and besides that in visible radiation of the fact that by June 2005, the day of the month when the determination was made by Northshire Housing Authority non to supply N and M with exigency populace sector lodging on the evidences that they are homosexual and as such non within the range of the term ‘family’ , the concluding day of the month for execution of Directive 2004/1/EC had non yet passed. The UK therefore can non be held in breach of their responsibility to implement, and the Housing Authority can non be held to be under any responsibility other than that created by national statute law ; viz. , the Housing Act 2005 and its relevant law. I would therefore argue, in reply to oppugn [ 1 ] of this paper, that the national tribunalshouldnon mention any inquiries to the tribunal in N and M’s instance. If nevertheless the national tribunal considers that the Housing Act 2005, whilst non doing mention to Directive 2004/1/EC, was intended to be implementing statute law, so the national Court may wish to use to the ECJ for a preliminary mention opinion, under the process as set out by Article 234 EC, sing ( a ) whether this national statute law gives sufficient attending to the aims of the EC Housing Directive, and ( B ) whether failure to make so is actionable even where the day of the month for execution has non yet passed? In February 2006, the UK issued auxiliary counsel on the Housing Act 2005. The auxiliary counsel provides that although the right to household life protects all types of households, and landlords must hence do certain that all households can be protected, the Housing Act does non necessitate single landlords to do certain all households are protected . S and T, aged 60 and58, with two immature kids, rent a house from U, a private landlord. The contract originally provides that S and T must go forth a security sedimentation of ?400. However, U alters his to ?1200, on the footing that older parents will non be able to command their immature kids . S and T seek to implement the original contract in a national tribunal. The national tribunal refers the instance to the European Court of Justice. 2. What inquiries should the national tribunal refer in S and T s instance? Whilst it is clear that the intended range of EC Directive 2004/1/EC included lodging contracts between private sector landlords and renters, in S and T’s instance, the national Court may wish to use to the ECJ for a preliminary mention opinion, under the process as set out by Article 234 EC, sing the inquiry of ( a ) whether the scope-restriction of the Housing Act 2005, viz. that single landlords are non obliged to do certain thatallhouseholds are protected from favoritism, is in dispute of the EC Housing Directive, and ; ( B ) whether in this instance, U’s determination to increase the security sedimentation required by S and T, on the exclusive footing that ‘older parents will be unable to command their immature children’ , should be considered age-discriminatory in the context of the proviso of lodging, as per the meaning/scope of the EC Housing Directive. 3. The European Court of Justice joins the two mentions. Imagine you are the Advocate General reding the Court on the united instance. What are the issues that you must cover in your Opinion? Which legal governments are relevant, and which can be distinguished? Opinion of the Advocate General in: N A ; M v Northside Housing Authority and S A ; T v U It seems to me that the pertinent issues for deliberation in these two joined instances are as follows: [ 1 ] Should the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005 be considered the implementing statute law in regard of the EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC [ ‘the Directive’ ] ? [ 2 ] ( a ) If the reply to oppugn [ 1 ] above is no, i.e. the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005 should non be considered the implementing statute law in regard of the EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC, so at what day of the month could a claim arise sing the alleged failure of this statute law to implement the aims of this Directive? ( B ) If the reply to oppugn [ 1 ] is yes i.e. the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005 should be considered the implementing statute law in regard of the EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC, so at what day of the month could a claim arise sing the alleged failure of this statute law to implement the aims of this Directive? [ 3 ] In visible radiation of the replies in [ 2 ] above, in regard of N and M’s claim against Northside Housing Authority, was the State action giving rise to their claim brought before or after the day of the month as established in [ 2 ] , above? [ 4 ] ( a ) If the reply to [ 1 ] was yes, and the reply to [ 3 ] does in fact give N and M right to an actionable claim against the Northside Housing Authority, upon reading of the Housing Act ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005, is this national statute law in dispute of the aims of the EC Directive? ( B ) If the reply to [ 1 ] is no, but the reply to [ 3 ] does in fact give N and M right to an actionable claim against the Northside Housing Authority, so should the determination of that Authority be deemed to be in dispute of the aims of EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC? [ 5 ] ( a ) If the reply to [ 4 ] ( a ) is yes, i.e. the implementing statute law of the Housing Act is in dispute of the aims of the EC Housing Directive, so does such failure torightimplement give S and T a right to trust on this failure to hold the contract between them and U set aside for illegality? ( B ) If the reply to [ 1 ] is no, so can S and T rely on the UK’s failure to implement to convey a successful action against U for his failure to follow with EC Directive 2004/01/EC? I.e. can S and T rely on the UK’s complete failure to implement the EC Housing Directive as against an single landlord who, to all purposes and intents, is simply following his statutory responsibilities under the Housing Act 2005? Both of these inquiries will affect a deliberation refering whether or non U’s determination to increase the security sedimentation required by S and T, on the exclusive footing that ‘older parents will be unable to command their immature children’ , should be considered age-discriminatory in the context of the proviso of lodging, as per the meaning/scope of the EC Housing Directive, and whether or non S and T would be able to trust upon the UK’s failure to implement correctly/ entire failure to implement, as against an single private sector landlord. Let us now address each of these concerns in bend, measuring which legal governments are relevant and which are distinguishable in regard of each issue for deliberation: [ 1 ] â€Å"Since November 2001 it has been a demand that all statute law laid before the UK Parliament that transposes any European directive must be accompanied by a Transposition Note ( TN ) , † ( Cabinet Office Guidance Notes on European Implementing Legislation, last updated 7/7/2006 ) . It would therefore seem rather clear to me that the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005 was non intended by the UK legislative to move as ‘implementing legislation’ of EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC. [ 2 ] ( a ) The UK was under a responsibility to set up implementing statute law of EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC by the 1stJanuary 2006, at the latest. Such a responsibility can non hence be deemed to be prior to this day of the month, and as such, no parties may take action against the UK for failure to implement this Directive in regard of differences originating prior to this day of the month. This is along established rule and one which was articulately expressed by the honerable Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead in the instance of Regina v. Secretary of State For Health and Others, Ex Parte Imperial Tobacco Limited and Others [ 7 December 2000 ] . In paragraph 1 of his pronouncement in this instance, Lord Nicholls stated: â€Å"During the prescribed execution period member provinces are non in breach by neglecting to permute an EC directive into national law.† ( B ) If nevertheless, the reply to oppugn [ 1 ] was yes, and the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005 should be considered the implementing statute law in regard of the EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC, so the fact that this implementing statute law was given royal acquiescence prior to the concluding execution day of the month does non prevent any claims for wrong execution. As Lord Slynn of Hadley held in the instance of Regina v. Secretary of State For Health and Others, Ex Parte Imperial Tobacco Limited and Others [ 7 December 2000 ] : â€Å"†¦if a Directive is implemented in national jurisprudence before the prescribed concluding day of the month, any application for interim alleviation to suspend the operation of the Directive would be a affair for Community jurisprudence, and that the place should be the same on an application for interim alleviation to forestall the Directive being adopted.† It would hence be a affair for the ECJ to make up ones mind whether or non the operation of the Directive should be suspended until the concluding execution day of the month, as per the instance of Foto-Frost Hauptzollamt Lubeck Ost ( Case C-314/85 ) [ 1987 ] E.C.R. 4199 which held that it is merely the European Court of Justice which can declare an EC Directive shut-in. [ 3 ] The determination made by the Northside Housing Authority which has formed the capable affair of this claim by M and N, viz. the determination by this Authority to decline to supply N and M with exigency lodging because their sexual orientation precluded them from coming under the range of the term ‘family’ under the internal policy guidelines and relevant national Housing statute law, was made prior to the 1stJanuary 2006 ( the concluding execution day of the month for EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC ) . In visible radiation of my findings in [ 2 ] ( a ) above, so it must be considered that no implementing statute law was established by June 2005, i.e. the day of the month of this Authority’s determination, and as such, I am compelled to make the decision that whether or non this determination was valid remainders entirely upon national jurisprudence considerations, i.e. whether this determination was in fact in accordence with the applicablenationalpolicy and statute law. [ 4 ] ( a ) and ( B ) In visible radiation of my findings in [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and [ 3 ] , the deliberation into whether or non the commissariats of the Housing Act and/or the determination by the Northside Housing Authority were/was in dispute to the aims of the EC Housing Directive is no longer required. The success of N and M’s instance against the Northside Housing Authority rests wholly upon considerations of national jurisprudence. [ 5 ] ( a ) In visible radiation of my findings in regard of issue [ 1 ] , this deliberation is irrelevant. ( B ) In visible radiation of the fact my reply to [ 1 ] was no, the UK can be deemed in entire breach of their responsibility to implement EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC by 1stJanuary 2006. We must therefore ask whether or non S and T can trust on this entire failure to set up a successful claim against U, an single private sector landlord, for his failure to follow with the Directive that would, but for the UK’s failure to implement, have been incorporated into national jurisprudence by virtuousness of implementing statute law? This question can be divided into two distinguishable substantial inquiries: First, if the Directive had been right implemented by 1stJanuary 2006, would U’s determination to increase S and T’s required security sedimentation be deemed in dispute of the aims of the implementing statute law, and as such, improper? Second, does the unimplemented Directive confer direct consequence upon S and T, and if so, can S and T rely upon this as against U, a private sector person? Let us turn to each of these inquiries in bend: If the Directive had been right implemented by 1stJanuary 2006, would U’s determination to increase S and T’s required security sedimentation be deemed in dispute of the aims of the implementing statute law, and as such, improper? The aims of EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC, and their range, are made rather clear: the intent of Directive 2004/1/EC is to put down a general model for protecting cardinal rights and battling favoritism on evidences of sex, racial or cultural beginning, faith or belief, disablement, age or sexual orientation, with a position to seting into consequence in the Member States the rule of equal intervention . We besides are told that â€Å"the range of the Housing Directive extends to all individuals, in both public and private sectors, and concerns conditions for entree to lodging, and footings and conditions on which lodging contracts are based.† The difference between S A ; T and U concerns an statement over the ‘terms and conditions of their lodging contract’ , and the determination by U to raise the security sedimentation must be considered to concern ‘access to housing’ ; after all, the security sedimentation is frequently the lone measure between being able to lease a belongings and non being able to. In this instance, S and T clearly can non afford the increased security sedimentation demand of ?1200, and as such are seeking to hold the sum reduced back to ?400 as per the initial, albeit verbal, understanding. Besides, an single landlord such as U must, under a actual reading of the diction [ ‘all persons†¦public and private’ ] of the Housing Directive, come under its range. I would therefore argue that had the Housing Directive 2004/01/EC been right implemented by 1stJanuary 2006, U’s determination to increase S and T’s required security sedimentation would hold been deemed in dispute of the aims of the implementing statute law, and as such, improper. In visible radiation of the failure of the UK to really implement this Directive into national jurisprudence, U might reason, in his defense mechanism, that he has non acted in a manner which contravenes relevant national jurisprudence ; viz. , Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005, which states, in its auxiliary counsel publications, that although the right to household life protects all types of households, and landlords must hence do certain that all households can be protected, the Housing Act does non necessitatesingle landlordsto do certain all households are protected . This exclusion should non be if the UK had successfully implemented the statute law, for as argued above, the range of the Directive clearly extends to all individuals private and public, which implies persons as good! On the other manus, one can non fault U for his failure to follow with the Directive ; his direct responsibilities lie under national statute law, statute law with which he has to the full complied! In order to happen where the ECJ should stand on the inquiry of where this balance should be struck, allow us turn now to our concluding inquiry: Does the unimplemented Directive confer direct consequence upon S and T, and if so, can S and T rely upon this as against U, a private sector person? It has been established that in instances where a Member State has failed to implement a Directive into national jurisprudence by the concluding day of the month for execution, so that Directive may be capable of being vertically Directly Effective, i.e. that an person may trust upon the Directive against a State in the national tribunals. The trial for when such Direct Effect of unimplemented Directives will use was set out in Case 148/78 Pubblico Ministero V Ratti [ 1979 ] ECR 1629. This instance held that Direct Effect of Directives comes into being after the day of the month for execution has passed, after which point, every bit long as the duties imposed by the Directive are sufficiently focussed, so the freedom/discretion of Member States to implement will be deemed evaporated. This is known as the estoppel justification, and will merely use where the Van Gend [ Case 26/62 ; [ 1963 ] CMLR 105 ] demands for Direct Effect are besides satisfied. In our instance, the Directive was negative, clear and did non specifically permit any discretion in execution, discretion which would anyway be deemed dissolved by the UK’s failure to implement the Directive on clip. The fact is nevertheless that even if we can set up Direct Effect of the EC Housing Directive, it is a long-standing rule of EC Law that such Direct Effect shall non widen to cover horizontal differences as between persons [ Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA ( 1986 ) ] . In this instance nevertheless, in visible radiation of the significant procedural defect in implementing the Housing Directive 2004/01/EC, I would propose that it might be possible to invalidate the contrary commissariats of the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act, in visible radiation of the fact that this difference operates within the context of a contract. I would trust on the authorization of Case C-443/98 Unilever Italia SpA v. Central Food SpA, [ 2000 ] ECR I-7535 in order to warrant this proposition. The national tribunal in this instance should therefore construe the legal job in visible radiation of the Directive instead than the Housing Act 2005, and should keep that U’s actions against S and T are invalid ; S and T should be permitted to pay the ?400 as originally stipulated. I would trust on the authorization of Case C-159/00 Sapod Audic v. Eco-Emballages SA, June 6, 2002 to warrant this decision. This incidental consequence can besides be justified by mention to Article 10 EC which staes that â€Å"Member States shall take all appropriate steps, whether general or peculiar, to guarantee the fulfillment of the duties originating out of this Treaty or ensuing from action taken by the establishments of the Community†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the instance of Von Colson [ Sabine von Colson and Elisabeth Kamann V Land Nordrhein-Westfalen Case 14/83 ] , this Article was interpreted as giving rise to incidental consequence of Directives, saying, at paragraph 28, â€Å"It is for the national tribunals to construe and use the statute law adopted for the execution of the Directive in conformance with the demands of Community Law, in so far as it is given discretion to make so under national law.† Bibliography of secondary beginnings used in the building of this reply: Tridimas, T. ( 1994 ) ‘Horizontal Effect of Directives: A Lost Opportunity? ’ Environmental Law Review, Vol. 19, pp. 621-636. Lenz, M. , Sif Tynes, D. , and Young, L. ( 2000 ) ‘Horizontal What? Back to Basics’ European Law Review, Vol. 25, pp. 509-522. Craig, P. P. ( 1997 ) ‘Directives: Direct Effect, Indirect Effect and the Construction of National Legislation’ European Law Review, December, pp. 519-538. Craig, P. A ; De Burca, G. EU jurisprudence: text, instances and stuffs 3rd erectile dysfunction. 2002 Paul Craig and G. de Burca: EU Law 2003

Archimedes’ Autobiobraphy

This paper will document the autobiography of Archimedes of Syracuse, who has been considered a pioneer through inventing mathematical formulas. â€Å"Archimedes of Syracuse† Archimedes was born to Phidias, a mathematician and an astronomer in 287 BC in Syracuse, a city in Sicily (Zannos, 2005). There is no clear information about his early life and his family, but some people claim that his nobility was of Syracuse and that he was related to the King of Syracuse, Hiero II. During this period, Syracuse was considered a centre of commercial activities and as a young person growing in this busy city Archimedes developed an interest in solving complex mathematical problems facing the people of Sicily (Anderson, 2009). After acquiring much information from the local schools he attended in Syracuse, he travelled to Egypt for further learning in Alexandria University. Upon completion of his education, Archimedes travelled back to Syracuse where he lived a life of innovative thinking and solving problems through critical thinking as well as application of mathematical formulas (Geymonat, 2010). King Hiero II was impressed by Archimedes’ inventions which o ffered solutions to various challenges (Neal, 2011). One of Archimedes’s inventions that impressed King Hiero II was Archimedes’ screw that enabled the King to empty water from a hull of his ship. Archimedes was also asked by the king to find out how he could determine the amount of gold on his crown without destroying it. Archimedes addressed this by immersing it in water and determining the volume of the water it displaced, then determining the weight of the crown, thus its density (Dijksterhuis, 2009). This information enabled him to determine the purity of the crown. Apart from his innovations, Archimedes participated in the defense of Sicily from the Romans. Sicily was considered a centre of political and geological activities, as an Island located between Carthage and Rome, Sicily was faced by the challenge of ally issues. That is, the King did not know whether to form an ally with either Rome or Carthage: This is because, forming an ally with i.e. Rome, could have led to enmity between Sicily and Carthage (Gow, 2005). Archimedes was given the responsibility of constructing walls to protect the city from Carthaginian or Roman attacks. He also developed war machines that could be used during attacks. In geometry, Archimedes contributed significantly towards the development of the basic principles of pivot as well as pulley system. He also contributed significantly towards the understanding of the principle of buoyancy, defined as the power of liquid to exert an upward force on an object placed in it (Paipetis, 2010). Archimedes died when Rome at tacked Syracuse, he was attacked by an enraged soldier, who had demanded that he accompany him to King Marcellus’ tent (Jaeger, 2008). In conclusion, Archimedes had a significant contribution to in mathematics and physics. His ideas regarding the calculation of density of objects immersed in water as well as the idea of buoyancy are currently used in various learning systems and in practical circumstances. Archimedes can also be considered a patriot owing to the fact that he defended his nation fearlessly from the cruel Roman Soldiers, an act that led to his death at 75 years (Archimedes, Netz Eutocius, 2004). Bibliography Archimedes., Netz, R. and Eutocius, (2004). The works of Archimedes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dijksterhuis, E. (2009). Archimedes. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Netz, R. and Noel, W. (2007). The Archimedes Codex. Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. Zannos, S. (2005). The life and times of Archimedes. Hockessin, Del.: Mitchell Lane.Geymonat, M. (2010). The Great Archimedes. Waco, Tex.: Baylor University Press. Anderson, M. (2009). Archimedes of Syracuse: The chest of ideas : A historical novel. Faifield, Iowa: 1st World Publishing. Gow, M. (2005). Archimedes: Mathematical Genius of the Ancient World. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow. Paipetis, S. (2010). Archimedes’ Contribution in Physics and Mathematics. Dordrecht: Springer. Neal, C. (2011). Archimedes. New York: McGrawHill. Jaeger, M. (2008). Archimedes and the Roman imagination. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Archimedes’ Autobiobraphy This paper will document the autobiography of Archimedes of Syracuse, who has been considered a pioneer through inventing mathematical formulas. â€Å"Archimedes of Syracuse† Archimedes was born to Phidias, a mathematician and an astronomer in 287 BC in Syracuse, a city in Sicily (Zannos, 2005). There is no clear information about his early life and his family, but some people claim that his nobility was of Syracuse and that he was related to the King of Syracuse, Hiero II. During this period, Syracuse was considered a centre of commercial activities and as a young person growing in this busy city Archimedes developed an interest in solving complex mathematical problems facing the people of Sicily (Anderson, 2009). After acquiring much information from the local schools he attended in Syracuse, he travelled to Egypt for further learning in Alexandria University. Upon completion of his education, Archimedes travelled back to Syracuse where he lived a life of innovative thinking and solving problems through critical thinking as well as application of mathematical formulas (Geymonat, 2010). King Hiero II was impressed by Archimedes’ inventions which o ffered solutions to various challenges (Neal, 2011). One of Archimedes’s inventions that impressed King Hiero II was Archimedes’ screw that enabled the King to empty water from a hull of his ship. Archimedes was also asked by the king to find out how he could determine the amount of gold on his crown without destroying it. Archimedes addressed this by immersing it in water and determining the volume of the water it displaced, then determining the weight of the crown, thus its density (Dijksterhuis, 2009). This information enabled him to determine the purity of the crown. Apart from his innovations, Archimedes participated in the defense of Sicily from the Romans. Sicily was considered a centre of political and geological activities, as an Island located between Carthage and Rome, Sicily was faced by the challenge of ally issues. That is, the King did not know whether to form an ally with either Rome or Carthage: This is because, forming an ally with i.e. Rome, could have led to enmity between Sicily and Carthage (Gow, 2005). Archimedes was given the responsibility of constructing walls to protect the city from Carthaginian or Roman attacks. He also developed war machines that could be used during attacks. In geometry, Archimedes contributed significantly towards the development of the basic principles of pivot as well as pulley system. He also contributed significantly towards the understanding of the principle of buoyancy, defined as the power of liquid to exert an upward force on an object placed in it (Paipetis, 2010). Archimedes died when Rome at tacked Syracuse, he was attacked by an enraged soldier, who had demanded that he accompany him to King Marcellus’ tent (Jaeger, 2008). In conclusion, Archimedes had a significant contribution to in mathematics and physics. His ideas regarding the calculation of density of objects immersed in water as well as the idea of buoyancy are currently used in various learning systems and in practical circumstances. Archimedes can also be considered a patriot owing to the fact that he defended his nation fearlessly from the cruel Roman Soldiers, an act that led to his death at 75 years (Archimedes, Netz Eutocius, 2004). Bibliography Archimedes., Netz, R. and Eutocius, (2004). The works of Archimedes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dijksterhuis, E. (2009). Archimedes. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Netz, R. and Noel, W. (2007). The Archimedes Codex. Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. Zannos, S. (2005). The life and times of Archimedes. Hockessin, Del.: Mitchell Lane.Geymonat, M. (2010). The Great Archimedes. Waco, Tex.: Baylor University Press. Anderson, M. (2009). Archimedes of Syracuse: The chest of ideas : A historical novel. Faifield, Iowa: 1st World Publishing. Gow, M. (2005). Archimedes: Mathematical Genius of the Ancient World. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow. Paipetis, S. (2010). Archimedes’ Contribution in Physics and Mathematics. Dordrecht: Springer. Neal, C. (2011). Archimedes. New York: McGrawHill. Jaeger, M. (2008). Archimedes and the Roman imagination. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

The New Central Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

The New Central Planning - Essay Example Pitched to a general audience, "The Federal Reserve and the Financial Crisis" is part of the chairman's praiseworthy effort to increase Fed transparency.  The first two lectures cover the origins and history of the Fed. Mr. Bernanke identifies three primary functions of central banks: to conduct monetary policy (i.e., controlling of the supply of money by setting interest rates); to serve as lenders of last resort (i.e., providing liquidity for important institutions to stave off financial crises); and to regulate the financial system (i.e., limiting the risks that banks and other players in financial markets may take). Yet he hardly discusses the quantity of money in circulation or the Feds effect on it. The omission reflects the fact that Mr. Bernanke has dramatically altered the nature of central banking. Under his management, the Fed now tries to determine to which sectors the economy's savings flow, and monetary policy has become solely about setting interest rates.  To his credit, Mr. Bernanke considers the merits of the classical gold standard, in which the dollar was fully redeemable for a specific quantity of gold. He believes that its gains in long-run price stability were more than counterbalanced by the short-run economic fluctuations it caused. But as University of Georgia economist George Selgin pointed out after the lectures were delivered, the chairmans argument against the gold standard suffers from some severe weaknesses. For starters, it ignores the path-breaking research of Christina Romer, former chairman of President Obamas Council of Economic Advisers, which demonstrated that the frequency and severity of recessions werent significantly greater before the Feds creation in 1913 than after World War II. This casts doubt on the ability of the Fed with its fiat money to tame the business cycle any better than did the gold standard without the Feds intrusions.